Cocaine dependence is the psychological desire to use cocaine regularly. Overdose of cocaine can lead to cardiovascular and brain damage, such as: narrowing of blood vessels in the brain, causing strokes and narrowing of arteries in the heart; causing a heart attack.
The use of cocaine creates enormous euphoria and energy. If consumed in large quantities, unsafe doses, it is possible to cause mood swings, paranoia, insomnia, psychosis, high blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, panic attacks, cognitive impairment and drastic changes in personality.
The symptoms of cocaine withdrawal (also known as "comedown or crash") range from moderate to severe: dysphoria, depression, anxiety, psychological and physical weakness, pain, and compulsive appetite.
Video Cocaine dependence
Signs and symptoms
Cocaine is a powerful stimulant that is known to make users feel energetic, happy, talkative, etc. In time, negative side effects include increased body temperature, irregular or rapid heartbeat, high blood pressure, increased risk of heart attack, stroke and even sudden death. from a heart attack. Many habitors develop temporary conditions, such as beads similar to amphetamine psychosis and schizophrenia, whose symptoms include aggression, severe paranoia, anxiety, confusion and tactile hallucinations; which can include insect feelings under the skin (formication), also known as "coke bugs", during binges. Cocaine users are also reported to have suicidal thoughts, unusual weight loss, difficulty maintaining relationships, and an unhealthy and pale appearance.
Withdrawal symptoms
After using cocaine regularly, some users will become addicted. When the drug is stopped immediately, the user will experience what came to be known as an "accident" along with a number of other cocaine withdrawal symptoms, including paranoia, depression, fatigue, anxiety, itching, mood swings, irritability, fatigue, insomnia, more cocaine, and in some cases nausea and vomiting. Some cocaine users also report having symptoms similar to schizophrenic patients and feel that their minds are missing. Some users also report formation: a feeling of crawling sensation in the skin is also known as "coke bugs". These symptoms can last for weeks or, in some cases, months. Even after most withdrawal symptoms disappear the majority of users feel the need to continue using the drug; These feelings can last for years and may peak during times of stress. Approximately 30-40% of individuals with cocaine dependence will switch to other substances such as drugs and alcohol after stopping cocaine. There are various drugs on the market to relieve the symptoms of cocaine withdrawal.
Maps Cocaine dependence
Risk
A study of 1,081 US citizens who first used cocaine in the previous 24 months was done. It was found that the risk of becoming dependent on cocaine in the first two years of use was 5-6%. The risk of becoming dependent in the first 10 years of use increases to 15-16%. This is a composite rate for all types of usage considered, such as smoking, snorting, and injecting. Among recent onset users, the individual's dependency rate was higher for smoking (3.4 times) and much higher for injection. Women 3.3 times more likely to be dependent, compared to men. Users who started at age 12 or 13 were four times more likely to be dependent compared to those who started between the ages of 18 and 20.
However, a study of non-deviant users in Amsterdam found "the absence of destructive and compulsive usage patterns over a ten-year period" and concluded that cocaine users can and exercise exercise control. "Our respondents apply two types of basic controls for themselves: 1) limiting use for certain situations and emotional states where cocaine effects will be most positive, and 2) limiting consumption to moderate cocaine snort, remaining below 2.5 grams a week for some, and under 0.5 grams a week for most.However, those whose usage rate exceeds 2.5 grams a week all return to lower levels ".
Treatment
Therapy
Twelve-step programs like Cocaine Anonymous (modeled on Alcoholics Anonymous) have been widely used to help those who are addicted to cocaine. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) combined with motivational therapy (MT) has proven to be more useful than 12 step programs in treating cocaine dependence. However, both approaches have a fairly low success rate. Other non-pharmacological treatments such as acupuncture and hypnosis have been explored, but without conclusive results.
Drugs
Many drugs have been studied for use in cocaine dependence, but by 2015, none are considered effective. Anticonvulsants, such as carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, and topiramate, appear to be ineffective as a treatment. Limited evidence suggests that antipsychotics are also ineffective for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Several studies have examined bupropion (a new antidepressant) for cocaine dependence; however, trials conducted so far have not shown it to be an effective form of treatment for this purpose.
The National Institute for Drug Abuse (NIDA) of the US National Institutes of Health is currently studying modafinil, narcolepsy drugs and mild stimulants, as potential cocaine treatments. Ibogaine has been investigated as a treatment for cocaine dependence and is used in clinics in Mexico, the Netherlands and Canada, but can not be used legally in the United States. Other drugs that have been studied for this purpose include acetylcysteine, baclofen, and vanoxerine. Drugs, such as phenelzine, have been used to cause "rejection reactions" when administered with cocaine.
Epidemiology
In the United States, cocaine use produces about 5,000-6,000 deaths per year.
Research
Kim Janda has worked for many years on vaccinations that will treat cocaine use disorders by limiting their beneficial effects.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is being studied as a treatment for cocaine addiction. So far, research has been done by the University of Medicine of South Carolina (MUSC), the National Institute for Drug Abuse (NIDA), and the National Institute of Psychiatry of Mexico.
See also
- SB-277011-A - Dopamine D3 receptor antagonist, used in the study of cocaine addiction. Where cocaine reduces the threshold for brain electrical stimulation in mice, an indication of beneficial effects of cocaine, SB-277011-A completely reverses this effect.
Note
References
Reference notes
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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