Damage is any change, often a physical object, which drops it from its original state. It can be broadly defined as "changes introduced into systems that affect their current or future performance". Damage "does not necessarily mean a total loss of system functionality, but rather because the system no longer operates optimally". Damage to physical objects is "the progressive physical process by which they break up", and includes mechanical stresses that weaken the structure, even if this is not visible.
Video Damage
Physical damage
All physical damage begins at the atomic level, by shifting or breaking the atomic bond, and the extent of damage to the physical object thus depends on the elasticity of the bond in the material under pressure. Damage can occur where the bonds of atoms are not completely damaged, but are shifted to create a pocket of concentration and diffusion of unstable materials, which are more susceptible to later damage. The effect of outer force on a material depends on the elasticity or relative plasticity of the material; if a material tends toward elasticity, the change in its consistency is reversible, and can bounce back from potential damage. However, if the material tends toward plasticity, then the change is permanent, and any such changes increase the probability of cracks or errors that appear in the material.
Although all the damage to the atomic level manifests as a broken atomic bond, the manifestation of damage at the macroscopic level depends on the material, and can include cracks and deformations, as well as unseen structural impairments.
Damaging objects
Damage to structures and other objects may take a number of forms, such as fire damage caused by combustion effects, water damage done by water to materials that are not resistant to impact, and radiation damage from ionizing radiation. Some types of special damage to vehicles and mechanical or electronic systems, such as damage to foreign objects caused by the presence of foreign objects, debris, or goods; damage to hydrogen due to the interaction between metal and hydrogen; and mechanical damage, which includes material damage due to cyclic mechanical loads. When an object has been corrupted, it is possible to fix the object, thereby restoring it to its original state, or to a new condition that allows it to function even if there is damage.
Damage to living organism
Damage to living organisms can be called an injury. The types of damage that living beings encounter range from direct microscopic DNA damage and cellular damage in biological cells, to greater system damage such as nerve damage, brain damage, and damage to articular cartilage. Damage to the body on a larger scale is often referred to as trauma. Aging is accompanied by a loss of ability to recover quickly from a wide range of biological damage. Damage is one of two factors proposed to influence biological aging (other factors are programmed following biological schedules). Factors related to damage include internal and environmental attacks on living organisms that cause cumulative damage at various levels.
Maps Damage
Another damage concept
Damage that occurs as an unintentional consequence of attempts to cause deliberate damage elsewhere, such as by military operations, is called additional damage, whereas the damage that is specifically committed against a public or private property is called property damage. With extensions, damage is also used to describe degradation in the value of intangible things such as relationships, self-image, reputation, and goodwill.
Economic damage
The tendency of damage to physical objects and systems, as well as intangible characteristics, is built into the prices of goods and services that depend on the supply of these items, primarily as a component of insurance costs. In law, damages are rewards, usually money, that must be paid to a person as compensation for loss or injury (ie, economic or physical damage).
Institutional damage
Institutional damage is broadly defined as an undesirable consequence on individuals resulting from interactions with institutions with responsibility for their care. Individuals may be hospital patients, children in school, or inmates. Some forms of institutional damage, such as medical errors and hospital-acquired infections are relatively easy to measure; others, such as long-term damage to development and mental health are significantly more difficult to measure. There is controversy over whether such damage can be measured and whether it actually occurs.
This is not a widely used term; however, this is a very important legal concept, as it is very common, especially in countries where the human rights of detainees and others under institutional care are not respected or guaranteed by law.
The law constitution, common law and codex of criminal law have many provisions to protect individuals against injuries caused by institutions they do not want to commit to. Levels and respect for these laws vary widely between countries and communities. These controversies are related to the long-standing debate between government and individuals who have possessed philosophy and political science since Ancient Greece.
Institutional breakdown
The same expression is also used in the opposite sense, that is, as the damage caused by the institution, compared to the damage caused by the individual. For example, situations of political exclusion, such as the suspension of political rights temporarily, are said to undermine democratic institutions. Another example is the vandalism of public buildings, an enormous epidemic that disrupts the normal functioning of community institutions, as in the case of AIDS in Africa; external military intervention, as in the invasion of Iraq by the United States and allied countries; and even (paradoxically), external assistance to resource-rich countries but have poor economies and/or corrupt governments (so-called "resource curses")
Two concepts, institutional damage and institutional damage, are related in many situations. In widespread political trials ("witch hunts") in democratic countries, as in the famous House Committee on Non-American Activities in the 1940s, damage is said to occur in both directions, that is, not just life , family, and professional activities. of a number of individuals undermined by public exposure, but also the political institutions of individual rights and freedoms in the United States are similarly undermined by the activities of the Committee.
See also
- Deformation (mechanical)
- Degradation
- Erosion
- Harm
References
External links
- Metzgar, Jack. Institutional Damage. Dissent Magazine. The story of the damage inflicted on those who were subjected to the investigation of the Organization Committee of American Organizations in the 1940s.
- Harford, T. and Klein, M. Aid and Resource Curse. The World Bank article on the destruction of developing country institutions caused by external assistance.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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