Earthquake resistant structures are structures designed to protect buildings from earthquakes. Although no structure can be completely immune to earthquake damage, the purpose of earthquake resistant construction is to build better structures during seismic activity than their conventional counterparts. According to building codes, earthquake resistant structures are intended to withstand the largest earthquakes with certain probabilities that may occur in their location. This means the loss of life should be minimized by preventing the building collapse for rare earthquakes while loss of functionality should be restricted to more frequent ones.
To combat earthquake damage, the only method available to architects is to build their landmark structure to survive, often by making them too rigid and powerful.
Currently, there are several design philosophies in earthquake engineering, utilizing experimental results, computer simulations and observations of past earthquakes to offer the performance required for seismic threats in desirable locations. These range from appropriate size structures to be strong and resilient enough to survive shocks with acceptable damage, to equip with basic insulation or use structural vibration control technology to minimize strength and deformation. Although the first is the method normally applied in most earthquake resistant buildings, essential facilities, well-known buildings and cultural heritage buildings use more sophisticated (and expensive) isolation or control techniques to survive with strong vibrations with minimal damage. Examples of such applications are the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels and the Museum of the Acropolis.
Video Earthquake-resistant structures
Tren dan proyek
Several new trends and/or projects in the field of earthquake engineering structures are presented.
Building materials
Based on a study in New Zealand, related to the Christchurch earthquake, precast concrete designed and installed in accordance with modern code performs well. According to Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, precast panel buildings have good durability during the earthquake in Armenia, compared to precast frame panels.
Earthquake Shack
One Japanese construction company has built a six-foot cube shelter, which is presented as an alternative to seismic inspections throughout the building.
Shake-table testing simultaneously
Shake-table testing simultaneously from two or more building models is a clear, persuasive and effective way to validate experimental seismic engineering solutions.
Thus, two wooden houses built prior to the adoption of the 1981 Japanese Building Code were transferred to E-Defense for testing (see the two images beside). The left house is strengthened to increase its seismic resistance, while others do not. Both models are set on the E-Defense platform and tested simultaneously.
Combined vibration control solution
Designed by architect Merrill W. Baird of Glendale, in collaboration with AC Martin Architects of Los Angeles, Municipal Services Building at 633 East Broadway, Glendale was completed in 1966. Located on the corner of East Broadway and Glendale Avenue, this building serves as a reporting element from Glendale's civil center.
In October 2004 the Architectural Resources Group (ARG) was contracted by Nabih Youssef & amp; Associates, Structural Engineers, to provide services regarding historic building assessments due to the proposed seismic retrofit.
In 2008, City of Glendale, California City Service Building was seismically installed using an innovative combined vibration control solution: the elevated building foundation of the building is placed on a high-density rubber pad.
Steel plate wall system
The steel plate shear wall (SPSW) consists of infilated steel plates limited by a beam-column system. When the infilite plates occupy each level within a structural framework, they form the SPSW system. While most earthquake resistant construction methods are adapted from older systems, SPSW was created entirely to withstand seismic activity.
The behavior of SPSW is analogous to the cantilevered vertical plate girders from the bottom. Similar to girder plates, SPSW systems optimize component performance by taking advantage of the post-bending behavior of the steel filler panels.
The Ritz-Carlton/JW Marriott hotel building, part of the LA Live development in Los Angeles, California, is the first building in Los Angeles that uses a sophisticated steel plate sliding wall system to withstand lateral loads of earthquakes and strong winds.
Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant partially upgraded
Nuclear Power Plant Kashiwazaki-Kariwa, the world's largest nuclear power station with clean electric power ratings, happens to be near the epicenter of the strongest earthquake M w 6.6 July 2007 Ch? Etsu offshore. It initiates an extended shutdown for structural checks indicating that larger seismic inspections are required before the operation can proceed.
On May 9, 2009, one unit (Unit 7) restarted, after a seismic increase. Trial should continue for 50 days. The factory was completely dead for almost 22 months after the earthquake.
The seismic test of a seven-story building
A devastating earthquake hit a single wooden condominium in Japan. The experiment was broadcast live on July 14, 2009 to generate insight into how to make wood structures stronger and more able to withstand large earthquakes.
Miki's shock at the Hyogo Earthquake Engineering Research Center is a capstone experiment from the four-year NEESWood project, which receives its main support from the US National Science Network Science Program for US Earthquake Simulation (NEES).
"NEESWood aims to develop a new seismic design philosophy that will provide the necessary mechanisms to safely increase the height of wooden frame structures in the US seismic zone, as well as reduce earthquake damage to low-rise wooden frame structures," said Rosowsky, Department of Civil Engineering in Texas A & amp; M University. This philosophy is based on the application of seismic damping systems for wooden buildings. The system, which can be installed inside the walls of most wooden buildings, including strong metal frames, buffers and silencers filled with viscous fluid.
The structure of the superframe earthquake proof
The proposed system consists of a core wall, a cap beam inserted into the upper level, an outer column and a viscous damper mounted vertically between the ends of the block cap and the outer column. During an earthquake, the outer beams and columns act as outrigger and reduce the torque moment at the core, and the installed damper also reduces the moment and the lateral deflection of the structure. This innovative system can remove inner beams and inner columns on each floor, and thereby provide buildings with free-floor column spaces even in highly seismic areas.
Maps Earthquake-resistant structures
See also
- Baroque Earthquake
- Emergency management
- Geotechnical engineering
- Seismic response from landfill
- Seismic retrofit
- Tsunami resistant building
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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