Grass is a feeding method in which herbivores feed on plants such as grass, or other multicellular organisms such as algae. In agriculture,
Many small selective herbivores follow a larger shepherding, which reduces the highest and most difficult plant growth, exposing gentle shoots. For terrestrial animals, shepherding is usually distinguished from exploration in grazing that feed on grass or grass, and browsing feeding branches of wood and leaves from trees and shrubs. Pastoralism differs from true predestination because the herding organism is generally not killed. Graze differs from parasitism because both organisms live together in a state of constant physical externality (ie low intimacy). The aquatic animals that feed on for example the algae found in rocks are called grazers-scrapers . Fertilizer milling also feeds on microorganisms and dead organic matter on various substrates.
Video Grazing
In animal behavior
Grazing is a method of feeding where herbivores eat plants such as grass, or other multicellular organisms such as algae.
Graminivory
Graminivory is a form of grazing that involves eating primarily on grass (especially the "original" grass in Poaceae). Horses, cows, capybara, hippos, grasshoppers, geese, and giant pandas are graminivores. The giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca ) is a mandatory bamboo eater, 99% of their diet consists of sub-alpine bamboo species.
Coprophagy
Rabbits are herbivores that feed on grazing in grass, forbs, and weeds. They graze heavily and quickly for about the first half hour of the shepherding period (usually in the afternoon), followed by about half a hour of more selective feeding. If the environment is relatively non-threatening, the rabbit stays outside for hours, grazing within a certain time interval. Their diet contains a large amount of cellulose, which is difficult to digest. Rabbits solve this problem by using a form of hindgut fermentation. They pass through two different types of impurities: hard dirt and black black pellets, the latter known as caecotrophs and immediately eaten ( coprophagy ). Rabbits boil their own stools (rather than chew the humps like cows and many other grazers) to digest their food further and extract enough nutrients.
Capybara ( Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris ) is a herbivorous grazing primarily on grasses and aquatic plants, as well as fruit and bark. Like other grazers, they can be very selective and eat the leaves of one species, regardless of other species around them. They eat more types of plants during the dry season, because fewer plants are available. As they eat grass during the rainy season, they must switch to more reeds during the dry season. Capybara jaw plugs are not perpendicular and therefore they chew food by grinding back and forth rather than side to side. Capybara is coprophagous, as a source of bacterial intestinal flora, to help digest cellulose in the grasses that make up their normal diet, and extract the maximum protein and vitamins from their diet. They can also spew food to chew again, similar to chewing gum by cows. Like other rodents, the front teeth of capybara grow continuously to compensate for the constant wear of grass eating; Their cheek teeth also grow continuously.
Pseudoruminant
Hippopotamus is a large river, semi-aquatic, inhabiting mammals, lakes and mangrove swamps. During the day, they remain calm by living in water or mud; reproduction and childbirth both occur in water. They appear at dusk to graze on the grass. While the hippopotamus is adjacent to each other in water, grazing is a solitary activity. Their series of teeth can be as long as 40 cm and canine teeth up to 50 cm, but canines and incisors are used for combat and do not play a role in feeding. The hippopotus relies on their wide and horned lips to grab and grasp the grass that is then milled by the molars. The hippo is considered pseudoruminan, it has a complex stomach of three or four chambers but not "chewing chew".
Non-grass pastoral
Although pasture is usually associated with mammals that feed on pastures, or more specifically in pastures, ecologists sometimes use the word in broader sense, to include any organism that consumed other species without ending the life of the organism.
The use of the term varies even more than this, for example, a marine biologist can describe the herbivorous sea urchin that eats seaweed as a shepherd, even when they kill the organism by cutting the plant at the base. Linguists sometimes apply the word to water snails that eat by consuming microscopic films of algae, diatoms and detritus, biofilms, which cover substrate and other surfaces under water.
Maps Grazing
In agriculture
History
United States
The use of livestock grazing can come from the Civil War. During this time, land ownership is not common, and breeders feed their herds around, often federal, land. Not having a permanent home, these cowboys will often graze in the lower area, and then continue their journey. More generally, however, cattle are played between summer and winter. Soon, the public saw how livestock could benefit and many tried to get into the livestock business. With the advent of free grass and unlimited feed, the soil becomes overcrowded and the green runs out. Farmers try to stop this by using barbed wire fences to block their land, water sources, and livestock. After a failed attempt, the Taylor Grazing Act came into effect in 1934. This action was put in place to help regulate the use of public land for pastoral purposes and to give farmers certain land. In addition, "the costs collected for livestock grazing on public land are returned to appropriate grazing districts for use for increased outreach". The Taylor Grazing Act helps stabilize breeder operations and allows them to continue to raise their livestock.
System grazing
In the nineteenth century, grazing techniques were almost nonexistent. The meadows will be grazed for long periods of time, with no breaks in between. This leads to excessive grazing and is detrimental to producers of land, wildlife, and livestock. Today, breeders and researchers of various fields of science have developed a shepherding system to help increase forage production for livestock, while still benefiting the soil.
Seasonal
Seasonal shepherds incorporate "grazing animals in certain areas for only part of this year". This allows land that is not grazed to rest and allows for new forage looking.
Rotation
Rotating grazing "involves dividing the range into several pastures and then feeding each one in succession throughout the grazing period". Utilizing rotational shearing can improve livestock distribution while incorporating break times to find new foods.
Rotate rest
The remaining rotation mill "divides the range into at least four grasslands, one grassland remains rested throughout the year and grazing is rotated among the remaining pasture." This shepherding system can be very useful when using sensitive grass that takes time to rest and regrowth.
Suspended rotation
The suspended rotation "involves at least two pastures with one shepherding not until after the seed-set". By using a suspended rotation, the grass can achieve maximum growth during the period when no shepherding occurs.
burning grazing
Mill burns burn one-third of the grassland every year, no matter the size of the meadow. This burning patch attracts the shepherds (cows or bulls) who graze in the area with the weight of the fresh grass growing inside. Other patches receive little or no shepherding. Over the next two years, the next two patches burn in a sequence and then the cycle begins again. In this way, the patch receives two years of rest and recovery from heavy grazing. All of this results in a diversity of habitats that can be exploited by different prairie plants and birds, mimicking the effects of a pre-historic bison/fire relationship where bison grazes in one area and other areas have a chance to rest.
The Highgrass Prairie Preserve in Northeast Oklahoma is inside the Flint Hills ecosystem, and they have been beaten by pasturing her livestock for more than ten years now. Their efforts have effectively restored bison/fire relationships on a large landscape scale of 30,000 hectares (12,000 ha).
Grazing area management
Riparian area grazing is mostly used to improve wildlife and its habitat. It uses fences to keep livestock from close range of rivers or water areas until after a period of wildlife or waterfowl, or limit the amount of grazing for a short time.
conservation grazing
Conservation grazing is the use of grazing animals to help improve the biodiversity of a site. Due to their strong and cost-effective nature, rare and original breeds are often used in conservation grazing. In some cases, to rebuild traditional hay pastures, cows like Longhorn and Highland England (which are rare breeds) are used to provide low-intensity grazing.
Ecological effects
A number of ecological effects come from shepherding, and this may be positive or negative. Negative effects of grazing include increased soil erosion, adverse water quality impacts from increased runoff and loss of biodiversity. For example, historical shepherding, along with other land conversion, in Northern and Central California has reduced the original chaparral and forest area by about 70 percent. Continued grazing expansion (and land conversion) driven by the growth of human populations in the region threatens the remaining integrity of California's chaparral and forest habitats in the region.
In some habitats, appropriate grazing rates may be effective in restoring or maintaining the diversity of native grasses and herbs in the rangeland that have been plagued by overgrazing, lack of shepherding (such as with wild animal grazing), or by other human disorders. Conservation grazing is the use of domestic livestock to manage the habitat, often to mimic the ecological effects of wild animal cattle, or other species that are now absent or extinct. For example, heathlands in Europe require shepherding by cattle, sheep or other grazers to maintain their structure and diversity.
Many grazing areas are generated from clearing or drainage processes of other habitats such as forests or wetlands.
Benefits
Production
By utilizing grazing systems, livestock production has the potential to be maximized. "Approximately 85 percent of US grazing land is unsuitable for producing crops, grazing animals in the soil more than double the area that can be used to produce food.Cows serve a valuable role in ecosystems by converting forages that human consumption can not feed into nutrients. solid food ".
Environment
Following one of the largest international reports on animal husbandry, the UN says it's about cattle grazing:
Pastoral care occupies 26 percent of the Earth's terrestrial surface, while the production of feed crops requires about one-third of all cultivable land. The expansion of grazing land for livestock is a key factor in deforestation, especially in Latin America: about 70 percent of the former forest land in the Amazon is used as a pasture, and feed plants cover most of the reminders. Approximately 70 percent of all dryland grazing areas are considered degraded, primarily due to overgrazing, compaction and erosion caused by livestock activities.
Grazing is beneficial to the ecosystem. It is favorable to soil and grass, promoting nutrient-dense soil and stimulating the growth of crop varieties. Through shepherding, livestock encourages the growth of crops, thereby increasing forage production. Furthermore, urine and animal waste "recycles nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other plant nutrients and returns them to the soil". It also acts as a quota for insects and organisms found in the soil. The organism "aids in carbon sequestration and water filtration". Nutrition and organisms, all that is necessary for the land to prosper and be capable for production.
Grazing also helps promote the growth of native plants and grasses. Often, these native plants can not compete with the surrounding plants that make the most of water and nutrients. With livestock grazing, non-native grasses are controlled and native plants can thrive. As well as using grazing to enhance plant growth, the true action of the nails of livestock also encourages growth. Trampling helps to plant the seeds into the soil so that the plants and grass can continue to germinate. In addition, management in many parks utilizes shepherding to help reduce fire hazard by reducing the amount of potential fuel, such as the accumulation of large animal feed. When the soil is not grazed, dead grass accumulates. Dead grass is often a major fire hazard in the summer. On the other hand, grazing can also allow "accumulation of waste (horizontal residue)" helps remove soil erosion. Soil erosion is important to minimize because with soil erosion occurs loss of nutrients and topsoil. All that is important in the regrowth of vegetation.
Biodiversity
The explicit opinion of the Center for Biological Diversity is that grazing has a significant negative impact on local biodiversity.
Livestock destroys native vegetation, destroys soil and streams, and pollutes waterways with sewage. After decades of livestock grazing, the once-dense flows and riparian forests have been reduced to flat and dry terrain; the ever rich topsoil has turned into dust, causing soil erosion, river sedimentation and the removal of many aquatic habitats
Grazing can promote biodiversity. Many species rely on farmland and grazing animals to preserve their habitat. Grasses that are stimulated through shepherding provide habitat for many species. When the soil is left unattended or not grazed, the grass dies with the seasons and accumulates as litter on the ground. For many birds, this is not interesting and they avoid making nesting areas. However, when the grass is shepherded, the dead waste grass is reduced and allows the birds to exploit it, while at the same time the livestock gains. Equally important, it increases the species richness. When grazing is not used, much of the same grass grows, for example, brome and bluegrass, consequently creating a monoculture.
In the grassland of Highgrass North, diversity and productivity are controlled for the most part by the availability of nitrogen... The availability of nitrogen in pasture is driven by the interaction between fire frequency and grazing by large herbivores... Spring fires increase the growth of certain grasses, and herbivores such as bison preferably eating the grass, keeping the checks and balances system working properly, and allowing many plant species to flourish.
Management of grazing
Shepherding management has two overall goals, each of which has many aspects:
- Protect grassland quality from excessive grazing damage
- In other words, preserve the meadow
- Protect animal health against acute threats, such as:
- Tetani grass and nitrate poisoning
- Track overdose of elements, such as molybdenum and selenium poisoning
- Grass and laminitis disease in horses
- Dairy disease in the calf
Proper land use and pastoral management techniques need to balance the maintenance of forages and livestock production, while maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services. Through the utilization of grazing systems and ensuring to allow an appropriate recovery period for regrowth, both the livestock and ecosystem benefits. Along with the recovery period, manufacturers can maintain low density in grassland, so as not to overdo it. Controlled land combustion can be beneficial in native plant growth, and new fertile growth. Although shepherding can be a problem for ecosystems, well managed grazing techniques can reverse the damage and improve the land.
England and Wales
On commons in England and Wales, grassland and pannage rights for every common person are strictly determined by the number and type of animals, and at the time of the year when certain rights can be exercised. For example, certain cottage residents may be allowed to eat fifteen cows, four horses, horses or donkeys, and fifty geese, while the amount allowed for their neighbors may be different. In some commons (such as New Forest and commoining commons), rights are not limited by numbers, and vice versa tagging fee is paid annually for each animal it turns out . However, if excessive use is made from the public, for example, in overgrowning, the common will be stinted , that is, the limit will be placed on the number of animals every normal person is allowed to graze. These regulations are responsive to demographic and economic pressures. Thus, rather than allowing the common to become degraded, access is further restricted.
See also
- Public land
- Graminivore
- Shepherding rights
- intensive grazing managed
- Free range
- Continuous river concept
- Meat Pasture
References
- "The Benefits of Gearing Animals". East Bay Regional Parks District. Retrieved 1 Dec 2008
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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