The Indo-Pakistan Navy war of 1971 consisted of a series of naval combats that fought between Indian and Pakistani Navies during the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971. The battle was part of the India-Pakistan War and the Bangladesh Liberation War. The series of naval operations began with the Indian Navy exerting pressure from the oceans, while the Indian Army and Indian Air Force moved to close the circle across East Pakistan on land. Naval operations include marine intervention, air defense, ground support, and logistical missions.
With the successful operation of the Indian Navy in East Pakistan, the Indian Navy started two large-scale operations, Operation Trident and Python Operation on the Western Front, before the start of a formal conflict between India and Pakistan.
Video Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971
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The Indian Navy did not play a major role during the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 when the war focused on land-based conflicts. On September 7, the Pakistan Navy fleet under the command of Commodore S.M. Anwar bombarded, Operation Dwarka, the Indian Navy radar station in Dwarka, 200 miles (300 km) south of the Pakistani port of Karachi. Although there was no damage to the radar station, this operation caused the Indian Navy to undergo modernization and rapid expansion. As a result, the budget of the Indian Navy grew from INR 350 million to INR 1.15 billion. The Indian Navy added a submarine squadron to its fighter fleet by acquiring six Osa missile ships from the Soviet Union. Indian Naval Air Arm is also strengthened.
Maps Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971
The Eastern Naval Command was established in 1969 and Rear Admiral Mohammad Shariff (then the four-star Admiral) was made Commander of his first Flag Officer. Admiral Shariff administratively runs the Eastern Navy Command, and is credited for leading the administrative operations of the Eastern Navy Command. Under his command, SSG (N), Pakistan Marines and SEAL teams were established, running both covert and blatant operations in the Eastern Command.
The Pakistan Navy's troops had insufficient vessels to challenge the Indian Navy on both fronts, and the PAF could not protect these ships from the Indian Air Force and Indian Naval Air Arm. Subsequently, Pakistan Navy's Naval Staff Chief, Vice Admiral Muzaffar Hassan, has ordered the navy to deploy all naval forces in the Western Front. Most of the Pakistani naval warships were deployed in West Pakistan and only one destroyer, civil servant Sylhet , was assigned to East Pakistan, at the request of Admiral Shariff.
During the conflict, the ports of the East Pakistani navy were left helpless because the Pakistani East Military Command had decided to fight without the navy. Faced with extraordinary opposition, the navy plans to remain at the port when war breaks out.
In the east wing, the Pakistan Navy relies heavily on its cannon squadron. Pakistan's East Navy Command is a direct command of the FOC's ROCK (FOC) Admiral Mohammad Shariff who also serves as Lieutenant General Niazi's right hand man. The Pakistani Navy has 4 cannon ships (PNS Jessore , Rajshahi , Comilla , and Sylhet ). The boats are capable of reaching a maximum speed of 20 knots (37 km/h), which is chaired by 29 sailors. Known as the naval naval forces of Pakistan, gun ships are equipped with various weapons, including heavy machine guns. The boats were adequate for patrol and anti-insurgency operations, but they were completely out of place in conventional warfare.
In early April, the Pakistani Navy began a naval operation around East Pakistan to support the execution of Operation Highlights of the Army. Rear Admiral Mohammad Shariff has coordinated all these missions. On April 26, the Pakistani Navy successfully completed Operation Barisal, but resulted in the temporary occupation of the town of Barisal.
An urban guerrilla warfare ensues and Operation Jackpot severely damages the operational capabilities of the Pakistan Navy. Before the start of hostilities, all naval arms vessels were stationed in Chittagong. When the air operations started, the IAF plane damaged Rajshahi while Comilla sank on December 4th. On 5 December, the IAF drowned two patrol boats in Khulna. Sylhet civil servants were destroyed on December 6 and Balaghat on December 9 by Indian aircraft. On December 11th, civil servant Jessore was destroyed, while Rajshahi was repaired. The Rajashahi under the command of Lt.-Commander Shikder Hayat managed to avoid the Indian blockade and reached Malaysia before surrendering on December 16th.
The Indian Navy started a secret naval operation, which was successfully implemented. At the end of 1971, the Naval Command of the Indian Navy had effectively implemented a sea blockade that completely alienated the East Pakistani Bay of Pakistan, trapping the East Pakistan Navy and eight foreign merchant ships at their ports. The High Command of Pakistan Armed Forces Warrior, GHQ, urged and pressed the Pakistan Navy to deploy Ghazi civil servants and expand the scope of its naval operations to the coast of East Pakistan. Officers at the Pakistan Navy's Submarine Command Service are opposed to the idea of ​​deploying an aging submarine, Ghazi civil servant, in the Bay of Bengal. It is difficult to sustain prolonged operations in remote areas without improvements, logistics, and recreational facilities in the vicinity. At present, submarine repair facilities are not available in Chittagong, the only seaport in the east during this period. His commander and other officers objected to the plan as when proposed by senior officers of the Army and Navy.
In the Eastern Wing of Pakistan, the Pakistani Navy has never defended a squadron of warships, despite calls from the Navy Command Forces Command, Rear Admiral Mohammad Shariff. Instead, a brown navy was formed consisting of boat boats with a river boat permanently. As a result, in the east wing, improvements and logistics facilities were not developed in Chittagong. Naval Naval Command of India really does not face the opposition of Eastern theater. The INS Vikrant carrier ship, along with the LST escort ship INS Guldar , INS Gharial , INS Magar , and the submarine INS Khanderi , running their operations independently.
On 4 December 1971, INS Vikrant (R11) aircraft carrier was also deployed and Hawk Sea Hawk attack aircraft contributed to Air Operations in East Pakistan. The aircraft successfully attacked many coastal cities in East Pakistan including Chittagong and Cox's Bazaar. Continuous attacks then destroy the ability of PAF to retaliate.
The Pakistani Navy responded by deploying an aging long-range submarine, civil servant Ghazi, to counter the threat when the Navy Command rejected the objections of its officers. The civil servant Ghazi, under the command of Commander Zafar Muhammad Khan, was assigned to search for the INS Vikrant , but when it could not find it, decided to mine the port of Visakhapatnam - the headquarters of the Eastern Navy Command. Naval Naval Intelligence India laid a trap to submerge the submarine by giving false reports about aircraft carriers. Around midnight December 3-4, civil servant Ghazi started his mining operation. The Indian Navy sends Rajput INS to fight the threat.
The sonar radar INS Rajput reports underwater disturbance and two depth allegations are released. The deadly match ended when the submarine sank mysteriously while laying a mine with all 92 hands aboard a ship around midnight on 3 December 1971 off the coast of Visakhapatnam.
The sinking of Ghazi turned out to be a major blow and setback for Pakistan's naval operations in East Pakistan. That reduces the possibility of Pakistan conducting a large-scale naval operation in the Bay of Bengal. It also eliminates the threat posed by the Pakistani Navy to the Naval Command of East India. On a reconnaissance mission, Ghazi was ordered to report back to his garrison on Nov. 26, and acknowledged the report of Navy Headquarters, NHQ. However, it failed to return to his garrison. Anxiety grew day by day in NHQ and NHQ has pressed a frantic effort to build communications with submarines failing to produce results. On December 3 before the start of the war, doubts about the fate of the submarine had already begun to shake the commanders at the Navy Headquarters (NHQ).
On 5/6 December 1971, naval air operations were carried out in the ports of Chittagong, Khulna, and Mangla, and on ships in the Pussur river. The oil installations were destroyed in Chittagong, and the Greek trading ship Thetic Charlie drowned at the outer harbor. On 7/8 December, PAF airfield was destroyed, and the campaign continued until 9 December. On December 12, the Pakistani Navy laid a mine on an amphibious landing approach to Chittagong. This proved to be a useful trap for some time, and it has denied direct access to Chittagong port for a long time, even after the submission instrument has been signed. Therefore the Indian Navy decided to make an amphibious landing at Cox's Bazar with the intention of cutting the backline of Pakistan's Army troops. On 12 December, additional amphibious battalions were at INS Vishwa Vijaya sailing from the port of Calcutta. On the night of 15/16 December, amphibious landing took place, immediately after the IAF bombing on the beach the day before. After struggling for days, human cost is very high for Pakistani troops, and there is no opposition or opposition offered by Pakistani troops to Indian troops. During this episode the Eastern theater Indian forces suffered only 2 deaths in operation. Meanwhile, Pakistani troops are reported to have suffered hundreds of deaths. By the dawn of December 17, the Indian Navy was free to operate at will in the Bay of Bengal.
Furthermore, the successful Operation Air and Operation Jackpot India, led by Bengali units with the support of the Indian Army, undermined the operational capabilities of the Pakistan Navy. Many naval officers (mostly Bengalis) have defected from the Navy and fought against the Pakistan Navy. By the time the Pakistani Defense Forces surrendered, the Navy had suffered heavy damage because most of the rifle ships, destroyers (Sylhet civilians), and long-range submarines, Ghazi civil servants, were lost in conflict, including their officers.
On December 16, at 16: 13hrs, Deputy Commander of the Eastern Command and Commander of the Eastern Navy Command, Rear Admiral Mohammad Shariff handed over his Naval Command to Vice Admiral R.N. Naval Command of the Eastern Empire. His TT gun is still placed in a "cover glass" where his name is printed in a large gold alphabet at the Indian Military Academy Museum. In 1972, the US Navy Chief of Operations (CNO) and Naval Chief of Staff of the Indian Navy Admiral Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda also gave him a visit with a basket of fruits and cookies that initially surprised him, and worried about his health. When meeting them, Admiral Shariff concluded that:
At the end of the conflict.... We [East Naval Command] have no intelligence and therefore, both deaf and blind with the Indian Navy and Indian Air Force are pounding us day and night....
Sink INS Khukri
When the Indian military offensive in East Pakistan increased, the Pakistani Navy had sent all its submarine squadrons on both fronts. Codename <
According to Lieutenant R. Qadri, an electrical engineer officer in Hangor during that mission, the assigned mission was considered quite difficult and very dangerous, with a squadron submarine sailing on the assumption that the dangerous nature of this mission meant a substantial risk of death for the submarine and his crew.
At midnight November 21, 1971, the PNS Hangor , under the command of Panglima Ahmed Tasnim, began his surveillance operation. Both the Ghazi civil servants and civil servants Hangor maintain coordination and communication during the patrol operation.
On December 2 and 3, Hangor has detected a large formation of ships from the Indian Navy's Western fleet including the cruisers INS Mysore . Hangor has sent intelligence to Pakistani naval forces from possible attacks by the Indian Fleet observed near Karachi. The Indian Naval Intelligence intercepted this transmission, and sent two frigates ASW, INS Khukri and INS Kirpan from the 14th Squadron - Naval Command of the West.
On December 9, 1971, in 1957, Hangor drowned Khukri with two homing torpedoes. According to his commander, the frigate sank in a matter of two minutes. The ship sank with his hands on the boat. Hangor also attacked INS Kirpan on two separate occasions, but the torpedoes lost their targets. Kirpan quickly broke free and managed to avoid torpedoes fired.
Attacking in Karachi
On December 4, the Indian Navy, equipped with P-15 Termit anti-ship missiles, launched Operation Trident against the Karachi port. During this time, Karachi is home to the Pakistan Navy Headquarters as well as the backbone of Pakistan's economy. Karachi is also Pakistan's maritime trade center, which means that the blockade will be disastrous for the Pakistani economy. Therefore the Karachi port's defense is very important to Pakistan's High Command and is highly defended against air raids or naval attacks. Karachi received some of the best defenses that Pakistan has to offer as well as shutting off a fighter based in two airfields in the area. The Indian fleet is located 250 miles from Karachi during the day, out of reach of Pakistan's aircraft, and most of these aircraft have no night bombing capabilities. The Pakistani Navy has launched a submarine operation to gather intelligence on Indian naval efforts. Even so, with some intelligence provided by the submarine, the Navy has failed to divert sea attacks, because of misleading intelligence and communication.
The Indian Navy's preemptive strike earned its ultimate success. Indian missile ships succeeded in drowning the civil servant minesweepers of Muhafiz, the destroyers of the civil servant Khaibar and the Venus Challenger MV which, according to Indian sources, brought ammunition to Pakistan from US troops in Saigon. The destroyer of PNS Shah Jahan is damaged beyond repair. The missiles also bombed Kemari's oil storage tank at a burning and devastated port that caused heavy losses to the Port of Karachi. Trident's operation was a huge success with no physical damage to any of the ships in the Indian duty group, who returned safely to their garrison.
The Pakistani Air Force responded to these attacks by bombing Okha ports by printing live shots at fueling facilities for missile ships, ammunition dumps and missile vessel docks. Indians are ready for this and have moved missile boats to other locations to prevent losses. But the destruction of special fuel tanks prevents further attacks until Python Operation. On the way back from the bombing, the PAF plane discovered the Indian Alizephith 203 plane and shot down.
On December 6, a false alarm by a Pakistani Fokker plane carrying a sea-viewer caused a friendly fire confrontation between the Navy and the Pakistani Air Force. A PAF jet erroneously slashed the civil war ship of the civil servant Zulfikar , broke up shortly after the ship itself was acknowledged by a panicked effort. The crew suffered several casualties in addition to ship damage. The ship was brought back to the port for repair.
The Indian Navy launched its second large-scale operation at midnight on 8 and 9 December 1971. The operation, codenamed Operation Python, began under the command of Naval Chief of Staff of the Indian Navy Admiral S.M. Nanda. INS Vinash , a missile ship, and two versatile frigates, INS Talwar and INS Trishul participated in the operation. Squadron attack approached Karachi and fired four missiles. During the attack, the Gulf Paninese
Ending
After a successful operation by the Indian Navy, India has established full control over the oil route from the Persian Gulf to the Pakistani port. The main ships of the Pakistan Navy were destroyed or forced to remain in port. Partial sea blockade was imposed by the Indian Navy at the port of Karachi and no merchant ship could approach Karachi. Delivery traffic to and from Karachi, Pakistan's only major port at the time, stopped. Within days of the attack on Karachi, the East Indian Navy fleet managed to defeat Pakistani forces in East Pakistan. At the end of the war, the Indian Navy controlled the seas around the two Pakistani wings.
The war ended for both fronts after the Delivery Instrument of Pakistani troops stationed in East Pakistan was signed at the Ramna Race Course in Dhaka at 16.31 IST on December 16, 1971, by Lieutenant General AAK Niazi, Pakistani Army Commander in Pakistan East and accepted by Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Aurora, Commander-General of the Commander of the Indian Army's Eastern Command.
The damage inflicted on the Pakistani Navy stands on 7 warships, 1 minesweeper, 1 submarine, 2 destroyers, 3 patrol boats belonging to a lifeguard, 18 cargo ships, supplies and communications, and large-scale damage inflicted on a force base sea ​​and pier in the coastal city of Karachi. Three naval vessels - Anwar Baksh, Pasni and Madhumathi - and ten small boats were arrested. Around 1900 personnel were lost, while 1413 troops were captured by Indian forces in Dhaka. According to a Pakistani scholar, Tariq Ali, the Pakistan Navy lost a third of its strength in the war.
Admiral Shariff wrote in a 2010 thesis that "the generals in the Air Force and the Army, blame each other for their failures while each projecting them as war heroes who fought well and caused many casualties in advanced India". In the end, every officer in the Air Force and the Army placed General Niazi's incapacity and failure as the cause of the war, Sharif concluded. Sharif also notes that:
The early military successes ( Highlight and Barisal ) in regaining the legal and order situation in East-Pakistan in March 1971 was misunderstood as a complete success.... In reality, the situation law and order worsened over time, especially after September of the same year when the population changed increasingly against the Armed Forces [Pakistan] as well as the [Yahya military] government. The rapid increase in troop numbers despite swelling the overall strength, however, did not add to our fighting power as far as required. Most of the new additions are too old, inexperienced or unwilling to....
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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