? Kaho ? olawe ( ; Hawaii: [k? >) is the smallest of the eight major volcanic islands in the Hawaiian Islands. Kaho ? olawe is located about seven miles (11 km) southwest of Maui and also southeast of L? That? I, and length of 11 miles (18 km) by 6.0 km (9.7 km)), with a total land area of ​​44.97 sq. Km (116.47 km <2>). The highest point in Kaho ? olawe is the crater of Lua Makika at the top of Pu ? u Moaulanui, which is about 1,477 feet (450 m) above sea level. Kaho ? The relatively dry olawe (average annual rainfall less than 65 cm or 26 inches) due to the low elevation of the island fails to produce much of the orographic rainfall from northeastern trade winds, and Kaho? Olawe is located on a volcanic rain cloud of 10,023 feet east of Maui, Haleakal ?. More than a quarter of Kaho ? olawe has eroded to sapropit hardpan soils.
Kaho ? olawe always has little population, because of the lack of fresh water. During World War II, Kaho ? olawe is used as a training ground and bombing by the United States Armed Forces. After decades of protest, the US Navy ends a live fire training exercise in Kaho? Olawe in 1990, and the entire island was transferred to the jurisdiction of the state of Hawaii in 1994. The Legislature of the State of Hawaii established Kaho? Olawe Island Reserve to restore and supervise the island and its surrounding waters. Today is Kaho? Olawe can be used only for native Hawaiian cultural, spiritual, and subsistence purposes.
Biro Sensus AS menservice Kaho? Olawe related to Blok Grup 9, Sensus Sensus 303,02 Kabupaten Maui, Hawaii. Kaho? Your makeup is free.
Video Kahoolawe
Geology
Kaho? Olawe is an extinct volcano shield, formed during the Pleistocene period. Most of the islands are covered by basaltic lava flows. Caldera is located in the eastern part of the island. The last volcanic activity on the island occurred about a million years ago.
Maps Kahoolawe
Climate
Kaho? Olawe undergoes semi-dry climates (KÃÆ'¶ppen BWk ).
History
Solution
Around the year 1000, Kaho 'olawe was inhabited by Polynesians, and a small fishing community was temporarily erected along the coast. Some rural areas are cultivated. Pu ? u Moiwi, the remaining cinder cone, is the second largest basal mine site in Hawaii? I, and it is mined for use in stone tools such as ko ? i (adzes). Initially a dry forest environment with intermittent flow, the soil transformed into open grassland from pastures and trees when residents cleaned vegetation for firewood and agriculture. Hawaii builds stone platforms for religious ceremonies, arranging erect stones as shrines for successful fishing trips, and petroglyphs carvings, or images, onto a flat stone surface. These indicators from the previous time can still be found in Kaho? Olawe.
Although it is unknown how many people are living in Kaho? Olawe, the lack of fresh water may limit the population to several hundred. A total of 120 people may have lived in Hakioawa, the largest settlement, located at the northeast end of the island - overlooking Maui.
Warfare
Violent war among competitors ali ? i (heads-head) demolishes the soil and causes a decrease in population. During the 18th Century Kamokuhi, Kalani ? ? Pu ? u, the ruler of the Great Island of Hawaii, invaded and looted Kaho? Olawe in a failed attempt to take Maui from Kahekili II, King Maui.
Post-contact
From 1778 to the beginning of the 19th century, observers on passing ships reported that Kaho? Awawe was uninhabited and barren, poor in water and wood. After the arrival of the missionaries from New England, the Kingdom of Hawaii? I under the reign of King Kamehameha III replace the death penalty with exile, and Kaho? Olawe became a male prisoner colony around 1830. Food and water are scarce, some prisoners are reported to be starving, and some of them swim in the channel to Maui for food. The law makes the island of criminal colonies repealed in 1853.
A survey of Kaho? Olawe in 1857 reported about 50 inhabitants here, about 5,000 acres (2,000 hectares) of land covered with shrubs, and sugarcane growing slabs. Along the coast, tobacco, pineapple, pumpkin, turf, and scrub grow. Starting in 1858, the Hawaiian government rents out Kaho? Olawe to a series of farms. Some of these have proven to be more successful than others, but the lack of fresh water is an unending enemy. Over the next 80 years, the landscape has changed dramatically, with over-continuance of drought and overgrazing which pollutes many islands. Strong trading winds blew most of the topsoil, leaving the red hardpan dirt.
20th century
From 1910 to 1918, the Hawaii Territory assigned Kaho? Awe as a forest reserve in the hope of restoring the island through a revegetation and livestock transfer program. The program failed, and the lease back became available. In 1918, Angus MacPhee's landowner from Wyoming, with the help of landowner Harry Baldwin of Maui, rented the island for 21 years, intends to build a cattle ranch there. In 1932, livestock operations enjoyed moderate success. After heavy rains, the original grass and flowering plants will grow, but the drought always returns. In 1941, MacPhee donated some of the island to the US Army. Later that year, due to continued drought, MacPhee moved his livestock from the island.
Reasons of training
On December 7, 1941, after the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked Pearl Harbor and Oahu, the US Army declared martial law throughout Hawaii, and was it used by Kaho? Olawe as a place to train American and Marine troops headed west to engage in War in the Pacific. Kaho usage? Olawe as a bombing range is believed to be very important, because the United States executes a new type of war in the Pacific Islands. Their success depends on accurate naval shots support that suppress or destroy enemy positions as US Marines and soldiers struggle to get ashore. Thousands of soldiers, sailors, marines, aviators, and lifeguards set up Kaho? Olawe for brutal and expensive attacks on islands like Gilbert and Marshall Islands, Marianas and Pelileu, New Guinea, and others, in the Western Pacific.
Military and naval training in Kaho? Olawe continued after World War II. During the Korean War, fighters from aircraft carriers played a crucial role in attacking enemy airfields, convoys and staging areas. Mock-up airfields, military camps, and vehicles built in Kaho? Olawe, and when the pilots are preparing for war at Naval Station Barbers Point in O Ê »Au, are they practicing spotting and hitting mock-ups in Kaho? Olawe. Similar training took place during the Cold War and during the Vietnam War, with aircraft replicas, radar installations, gun guns and surface-to-air missile sites stationed throughout the island for pilots and bombers to use in their training..
In early 1965, the US Navy operated the Seafarers' Hat to determine the resilience of the ship's boom. Three tests off the coast of Kaho? Olawe subjected the island and the target ship to a huge explosion, with 500 tonnes of conventional TNT blown up on the island near the target USSÃ ship, Atlanta (CL-104). The warship was broken, but he did not sink. The explosion created a crater on the island known as the "Seafarer Seafarer Hat" and they may have broken the island's crew, causing some groundwater to be lost to the sea. Operating Protecting Me? olawe? Ohana (PKO)
In 1976, a group of individuals calling themselves Protecting Kaho? Olawe? Ohana (PKO) filed a lawsuit in US Federal Court to stop Kaho Navy usage? Olawe for bombing training, to require compliance with the number of new environmental laws and to ensure the protection of cultural resources on the island. In 1977, the US District Court for the Hawaiian District allowed the island's use of the Navy to continue, but the Court directed the Navy to prepare an environmental impact statement and to complete an inventory of the island's historic sites.
Efforts to regain Kaho'olawe from the US Navy began as a new wave of awareness and inspired political activism in Hawaiian society. Charles Maxwell and other public figures began planning a coordinated effort to land on the island, which is still under the control of the Navy. Efforts for a "first landing" began in Waikapu (Maui) on January 5, 1976. More than 50 people from around the Hawaiian archipelago, including various cultural leaders, gathered in Maui with the aim of "attacking" Kaho? Olawe on January 6, 1976. The date was chosen because of its relationship with the two centuries of the United States warning.
When larger groups headed for the island, they were blocked by military aircraft. "The Kaho'olawe Nine" continued and successfully landed on the island. They are Walter Ritte, Emmett Aluli, George Helm, Gail Kawaipuna Prejean, Stephen K. Morse, Kimo Aluli, Ellen Miles, Ian Lind, and Karla Villalba from Puyallup/Muckleshoot (Washington State). Attempts to recapture Kaho'olawe will eventually claim the lives of George Helm and Kimo Mitchell. In an attempt to reach Kaho'olawe, Helm and Mitchell (who was also accompanied by Billy Mitchell, nothing to do) experienced bad weather and could not reach the island. Despite extensive rescue and recovery efforts, they never recovered. Ritte is a leader in the Hawaiian community, coordinating community efforts including for water rights, opposition to land development, and protection of marine and marine resources.
Kaho? olawe Island Archeological District
On March 18, 1981, the entire island of Kaho? Olawe added to the National Register of Historic Places. At that time, Kaho? Olawe Archaeological District contains 544 recorded archaeological or historic sites and more than 2,000 individual features. As part of the soil conservation effort, Mike Ruppe, an Army Specialist borrowed from the Schofield Barracks, plus other military personnel, installed the explosives, blew them up to break the hardpan so that the seedlings could be planted. Used used car tires to Kaho? Olawe and placed inside a deep gutter to slow the washing of red soil from the barren highlands to the surrounding coast. Weapons and scrap metal are picked up by hand and then transported by large truck to the collection site.
End-of-life training
In 1990, President George H. W. Bush ordered an end to direct broadcasting training on the island. The US Department of Defense Supervision Act for Fiscal Year 1991 established the Kaho Island Broadcasting Commission? Olawe to recommend terms and conditions for delivery of Kaho? Olawe from the US government to the state of Hawaii.
Transfer title and UXO clearance
In 1993, Senator Daniel Inouye of Hawaii sponsored Title X of the Fiscal Year 1994 for the Defense Department Bill, which directed that the US government to deliver Kaho? Awawe and its surrounding waters to the state of Hawaii. The title X also establishes the purpose of "unexploded or unexploded liberation or removal (UXO)" and the restoration of the island's environment, to provide "the safe use of safe islands for appropriate cultural, historical, archeological and educational purposes, as determined by the State Hawaii. "In turn, the Hawaii Legislature created the Kaho-Olawe Island Reserve Commission to implement policy and management control over Kaho Island? Olawe Island Reserve. As directed by Title X and in accordance with the memorandum of understanding requested between the US Navy and the state of Hawaii, the Navy diverted titles to Kaho's land? Olawe to the state of Hawaii on May 9, 1994.
As required by Title X, the US Navy maintains control of access to the island until an environmental purification and rehabilitation project is completed, or until November 11, 2003, whichever comes first. Has the state agreed to prepare a plan for Kaho? Olawe and the Navy agreed to develop a clean-up plan based on the plan of use and to implement the plan as far as funds were provided by Congress for that purpose.
In July 1997, the Navy gave a contract to Parsons/UXB Joint Venture to clean up unmanned weapons from the island as far as funds were provided by Congress. After state and public review of the Navy's clean-up plan, Parsons/UXB began their work on the island in November 1998.
From 1998 to 2003, the US Navy carried out a massive, but limited, expulsion of unexploded ordnance and other environmental dangers from Kaho? Olawe. Since the permit did not completely remove all dangerous and dangerous materials from the island, the level of remaining hazards remained. Kaho Island Reserve Commission? Olawe developed a plan to manage residual risks for backup users and to implement the safety program, and to establish a stewardship organization to work alongside the commission.
Kaho? olawe Island Reserve
In 1993, the Legislature of the State of Hawaii established Kaho? Olawe Island Reserve , which consists of "the whole island and the surrounding ocean waters within a two mile (three km) radius of the coast". Under state law, Kaho? Olawe and its waters can only be used for indigenous Hawaiian cultural, spiritual, and subsistence purposes; fish catching; environmental restoration; historical preservation; and education. All commercial use is prohibited.
The legislature also created Kaho? Olawe Island Reserve Commission to manage the provisional reserves is held in trust for future Native Hawaiian sovereign entities. Kaho Recovery? Olawe will need strategies to control erosion, rebuild vegetation, recharge groundwater, and gradually replace foreign plants with native species. The plan will include methods for stemming ditches and reducing rainwater runoff. In some areas, non-native plants will temporarily stabilize the soil before planting permanent native species. Species used for revegetation include ? a ? ali ? i ( Dodonaea viscosa ), ? ? heahea ( Chenopodium oahuense ), kulu ? ? ( Nototrichium sandwicense ), Achyranthes splendens , ? ? Lei ( Osteomeles anthyllidifolia ), k? manomano ( Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides ), koai ? a ( Acacia koaia ), and alahe ? e ( Psydrax odorata ).
Traditional subdivisions
Traditionally, Kaho? Olawe has become a member? A from Honua? Ula (Makawao), one of the twelve moku of the island ( mokupuni ) from Maui, and divided into twelve ? or then combined into eight: Eight ? ili listed below, in the counter-clockwise order, and the original area numbers in the hectare, beginning in the northeast:
The borders of all but the two most western ? Ili meet on the edge of the crater of Lua Makika, but does not include that. The crater area of ​​Lua Makika is not considered a ? Ili and not belong to one of ? Ili .
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments