Masonry is the building structure of individual units, which are often laid and tied together by mortars; the term masonry can also refer to the unit itself. General materials of masonry construction are bricks, building stones such as marble, granite, travertine, and limestone, cast stone, concrete blocks, glass blocks, and bricks. Masonry is generally a very durable construction. However, the materials used, the quality of mortar and workmanship, and the pattern in which the assembled units can substantially affect the durability of masonry construction as a whole. Someone who built a stone is called a mason or mason.
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Apps
Masonry is generally used for walls and buildings. Brick and concrete blocks are the most commonly used bricks in industrialized countries and can be load or veneer. Concrete blocks, especially those with hollow core, offer a variety of possibilities in masonry construction. They generally provide large compressive strength, and are best suited for structures with transverse light loading when the core remains unfilled. Filling some or all cores with concrete or concrete with steel reinforcement (usually rebar) offers much greater tensile and lateral forces to the structure.
Benefits
- The use of materials such as bricks and stones can increase the building's thermal mass.
- Masonry is a non-flammable product and can protect buildings from fire.
- Stone walls are more resistant to projectiles, such as flakes from hurricanes or tornadoes.
Losses
- Extreme weather, in certain circumstances, can lead to brick degradation due to the force of expansion and contraction associated with the freeze-thaw cycle.
- Masonry tends to be heavy and must be built on a strong foundation, such as reinforced concrete, to avoid precipitation and cracks.
- In addition to concrete, masonry construction is not suitable for mechanization, and requires a more skilled workforce than attached to framing.
- Masonry consists of loose components and has a low tolerance to oscillation compared to other materials such as reinforced concrete, plastic, wood, or metal.
Structural limitations
Masonry has high compressive strength under vertical load but has low tensile strength (against twisting or stretching) unless it is amplified. The tensile strength of masonry walls can be increased by wall thickening, or by constructing rock pairs of poles (vertical columns or ribs) at intervals. Where practical, steel reinforcements such as wind poles can be added.
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Veneer masonry
Masonry veneer walls consist of masonry units, usually clay-based bricks, mounted on one or both sides of a structurally independent wall usually made of wood or stone. In this context, the main brick pairs are decorative, not structural. Brick veneers are generally connected to structural walls by brick ties (metal strips attached to structural walls, as well as mortar joints of brick veneers). There is usually an air gap between the brick veneer and the structural wall. Since clay-based bricks are usually not fully waterproof, structural walls often have waterproof surfaces (usually tar paper) and crying holes can be left at the bottom of the brick veneer to drain the water vapor that accumulates in the air gap. Concrete blocks, real and cultured stones, and adobe veneer are sometimes used in very similar veneer modes.
Most of the insulated buildings utilizing concrete blocks, bricks, brick, stone, veneers or some combination thereof have interior insulation in the form of fiberglass batts between wooden buttons or in the form of a rigid insulation board lined with plaster or drywall. In most of these insulating climates it is much more effective on the outside of walls, allowing building interiors to take advantage of the thermal mass of the masonry. This technique, however, requires some sort of weather-resistant exterior surface above insulation and, consequently, is generally more expensive.
Set masonry
The strength of masonry walls is not entirely dependent on the bond between the building material and the mortar; the friction between the interlocking blocks is often strong enough to provide great strength. Blocks sometimes have grooves or other surface features added to increase this interlocking, and some dry set masonry structures to fully mortar.
Brick
Dense bricks are made of two or more bricks with horizontally running units (called brackets) tied together with bricks running across the wall (called "headers" of bricks). Each row of bricks is known as a course. The header and stretch patterns used cause different 'ties' like common bonds (with each sixth course consisting of headers), English ties, and Flemish ties (with alternate stretcher and crown brick present in each path). Bonds can differ in strength and ability to isolate. Vertical staggered bucks tend to be somewhat stronger and less susceptible to large cracks than non-staggered ties.
Uniformity and rusticity
The wide selection of styles and brick types commonly available in industrialized countries allows for a great deal of variety in the appearance of the final product. In buildings built during the 1950s-1970s, the level of brick uniformity and high accuracy in masonry was typical. In the period since then this style is considered too sterile, so efforts are made to emulate older, grunt work. Some brick surfaces are made to look very rough by incorporating burnt bricks, which have darker shades or irregular shapes. Others may use antique residual bricks, or new bricks may be made old by applying various surface treatments, such as rolled over. The end-of-the-century greed endeavors have been carried out by specialists in free artistic style, where the courses are intentionally not straight, rather than weaving to form a more organic impression.
Masonic Serpentine
The crinkle-crankle wall is a brick wall that follows a winding path, not a straight line. This type of wall is more resistant to tumbling than a straight wall; so much so that it can be made from a single brick rod that is not reinforced so that apart from its longer length it may be more economical than a straight wall.
Concrete block
Cinder block concrete (cinder block or breezeblocks), ordinary concrete (concrete block ), or hollow tiles are commonly known as Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU ). They are usually much bigger than ordinary bricks and much faster to put walls of a certain size. Furthermore, concrete cinder and block usually have a much lower water absorption rate than a brick. They are often used as structural core for veneer bricks, or used alone for factory walls, garages and other industrial-style buildings where such appearance is acceptable or desirable. Such blocks often receive plastering surfaces for decoration. Cement surfaces, which contain synthetic fibers for reinforcement, are sometimes used in this application and can provide additional strength to block walls. Cement surfaces are often pre-colored and can be dyed or painted to produce a surface like stucco finish.
The main structural advantage of concrete blocks compared to smaller clay bricks is that CMU walls can be reinforced by filling void blocks with concrete with or without steel rebar. Generally, certain cavities are intended for filling and reinforcement, especially on corners, wall-edges, and temporary openings while other voids are left empty. This increases the strength and stability of the wall more economically than filling and reinforcing all the cavities. Typically, a structure made of CMU will have an upper block on a wall filled with concrete and tied together with steel reinforcement to form a bonding beam. A bond beam is often a requirement of modern building codes and controls. Another type of steel reinforcement, which is referred to as ladder reinforcement, can also be implanted at the horizontal mortar connection of the concrete block wall. The introduction of steel reinforcement generally produces a CMU wall that has much lateral and tensile strength than a wall that is not reinforced.
"Masonry architecture is the development of standard concrete brick blocks into aesthetic and satisfying concrete brick units (CMUs)." CMU can be manufactured to provide a variety of surface displays. They can be stained during making or stained or painted after installation. They can be divided as part of the manufacturing process, giving rough face blocks replicate the appearance of natural stones, such as brown stones. CMUs can also be graded, striped, sandblasted, polished, striated (carded or brushed), including decorative aggregates, left to degenerate in controlled mode during preservation, or include some of these techniques in their manufacture to provide a decorative look.
"The shiny concrete pavement unit is made by tying a permanently colored face (usually consisting of polyester resin, silica sand and various other chemicals) to a concrete brick pairs unit, providing a smooth waterproof surface.
Glass blocks or glass bricks are beams made of glass and provide translucency to clear vision through blocks.
Stonework
Stone blocks used in brick pairs can be dressed or rough, although in both instances: angles, door and window frames, and similar areas are usually dressed. Stone masonry utilizes a dressing stone known as masonry ashlar, while stone uses irregularly shaped stones known as rubble masonry. Both debris and masonry ashlar can be placed in high or even high ranks through careful selection or cutting of stones, but many uncoated masonry stones.
- Stonemason Slipform produces a hybrid wall of reinforced concrete with a ruined stone face.
- Natural stone veneers on top of CMU, castings, or tilt-up concrete walls are widely used to provide masonry masonry.
- Sometimes a smooth oval-shaped river stone is used as a veneer. This type of material is not preferred for solid brick pairs because it requires large amounts of mortar and can reduce intrinsic structural strength.
- Stone carved, or cultured stone, veneer is a popular alternative to natural stone.
- Veneer made of stone is usually made of concrete.
- Natural rocks from quarries around the world are sampled and recreated using prints, aggregates, and fast color pigments.
- For the casual observer there may be no visual difference between natural and artificial stone veneer.
Gabion
Gabion is a basket, usually now of zinc-protected steel (galvanized steel) filled with medium-sized cracked rocks. It will act as a single unit and stacked with setbacks to form retaining walls or retaining walls. They have both well-drained and flexible advantages, and are so resistant to flooding, water flow from above, frost damage, and soil flow. The age of benefit they expect only during the wire they are collating and when used in a severe climate (such as the beach side in the saltwater environment) must be made of suitable stainless wire. Most of the modern bronjong are rectangular.
Earlier bronjong often became a cylindrical wicker basket, open at both ends, usually used for temporary construction, often military.
Similar work can be done with fine aggregate using cellular confinement.
Concrete bag
A low grade concrete can be placed in a woven plastic bag similar to that used for sandbags and then emplaced. The sacks are then watered and the emplacement then becomes a series of artificial stones that match each other and with adjacent soil and structures. This conformation makes them resistant to displacement. The sack becomes malfunctioned and eventually crumbles. This type of stone is often used to protect the entrance and exit of the drains where the road passes through the river or dry washes. It is also used to protect river banks from erosion, especially where roads go by.
Passive fire protection (PFP)
Stone walls have an endothermic effect on their hydrates, such as in chemically bonded water, and unbound water vapor from concrete blocks, and concrete poured if hollow nuclei within the blocks are filled.
Stone buildings can also be built to enhance security by reducing fire damage, such as the use of fire fighting during construction.
Mechanical modeling of stone pairs
From a material modeling perspective, masonry is a special material of extreme mechanical properties (with a very high ratio between strength in compression and voltage), so that the applied load does not diffuse as they do in the elastic body, but tends to creep along the line high stiffness, see the picture on the right and watch the video for more details.
See also
References
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"Correlation of finite element model and calibration of historic stone monuments: reviews". High and Special Building Structural Design . 21 : 96-113. doi: 10.1002/tal.577. -
Sarhosis, V.; Sheng, Y. (2014). "Identification of material parameters for masonation of low bond strength". Technical Structure . 60 : 100-110. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.12.013.
External links
- Mason Contractors Association of America
- International Masonry Institute
- National Masonry Concrete Association
- Masonry Institute of America
- [1]
- find mason bass
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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