A thermal burns is a type of burn that results from contact with heat objects, such as boiling water, steam, cooking oil, fire, and heat. Scalds is the most common type of heat burns suffered by children, but for adults, thermal burns are most often caused by fire. Burns are usually classified from first to fourth, but the American Burn Association (ABA) has categorized thermal burns as minor, medium, and major, based on almost the depth and size of burns.
Video Thermal burn
Pathophysiology
There are three (or sometimes four) degrees of burns, in the order of increasing severity and depth. For more info, see Burn # Signs and Symptoms. According to Jackson's thermal injury theory, there are three major burning zones.
- Coagulation zone is the area that suffered the maximum damage from a heat source. The protein becomes denatured, and cell death is imminent due to damage to the blood vessels, resulting in ischemia to the area. Injuries to this area are irreversible (coagulative & gangrenous necrosis)
- The stasis zone surrounds the coagulation area, where the network can potentially be saved. This is the main focus area when treating burns.
- Hyperemia zone is the area that surrounds the stasis zone. Perfusion is adequate because of patent blood vessels, and erythema occurs due to diapedesis.
Maps Thermal burn
Factor
The minimum temperature that can cause burns in a limited amount of time is 44Ã, Â ° C (111Ã, Â ° F). From 44 Â ° to 51 Â ° C (111 Â ° to 124 Â ° F), the burn rate increases by a factor of about four with each degree Celsius increased or twice per degree Fahrenheit increases, from six hours to six seconds. The burn will develop in less than a second if the exposure temperature is at least 70 ° C (160 ° F).
Resistance
There are skin factors that offer resistance to burns. A person who is more fireproof will require higher temperatures and longer exposure to burn as a lesser person.
Thick skin will offer more insulation than heat. External factors on the skin such as hair, moisture or oil can also help relieve and delay burns. Another factor is the skin circulation, which is used to dissipate the heat that is imprinted on the skin.
Cause
Heat and steam liquids
Scalding is a type of thermal burn caused by boiling water and steam, commonly afflicted by children. Scalds are generally caused by accidental hot spills of liquid, have too high water temperatures for bathing and bathing, steam from boiling water or heated foods, or splashed by hot cooking oil. Scalding is usually a first or second degree injury, and third-degree burns can sometimes occur due to prolonged contact. Almost three-quarters of all burns suffered by small children boil.
Fire
Fire causes about 50% of all cases of thermal burns in the United States. The most frequent event in which people burn by fire is during house fires faced by firefighters and trapped residents, where 85% of all deaths from fires occur. Fireworks are the cause of other fire fires, especially by boys on Independence Day. The most common cause of injury by fire or flame by children is touching the flame of a candle. In some areas, such as the western United States, burning by forest fires is common, especially by firefighters who try to fight forest fires. Forest fires can suddenly shift as the winds change, making it more difficult for firefighters and eyewitnesses to avoid burning.
If a person's clothes are on fire, third-degree burns can develop in just a few seconds.
Hot objects
Hot solids can also cause contact burns, especially by children who deliberately touch objects they do not realize are too hot to touch. Such burns that are printed on the skin usually form patterns that resemble objects. Sources of burns from solids include ash and coal, iron, soldering equipment, frying pans and pots, oven containers, light bulbs, and drain pipes.
Prevention
Education is an important tool for children on how to prevent burning by fire or being scalded by hot water. In that action, firefighters and community leaders are often employed in schools and clinics.
Home smoke alarms are used to reduce deaths from fire by half. Homeowners need to replace batteries at least once a year and change smoke alarms every decade. Before the fire broke out, the family had to practice the evacuation of the house, and when the fire broke out, the family had to leave home (within two minutes). To prevent house fires, a family must keep flammable objects, such as matches, out of reach of children, and they should not leave anything that involves unattended fire while storing items that can be burned by at least 12 inches, such as stove, stove, space heater, and candle. The fire extinguishers should be kept in the kitchen, where most of the house fires start.
To prevent children from burning, the water temperature should not be too high during bathing or hand washing, non-combustible sleeping clothing should be worn, backburners should be used when cooking something on the stove, and hot foods, beverages, and irons should be stored. far from the edge of the table and table. Oven gloves and potholders should be used in handling hot containers. One should be careful while taking hot food from the microwave oven, and the cover should be opened gently to reduce the risk of steam burns.
Treatment
The most important first action is to stop the burning process. Sources of burns should be released immediately (or the patient is removed from the source). If a person is on fire, he should be told to stop, fall and roll over, or extinguish the fire by covering it with a thick blanket, wool, coat, or rug. Burning clothes should be removed as should all jewelry that can act as tourniquets as swelling occurs, but burned clothing attached to the skin should not be removed. Cooling burns with cold water has proven to be beneficial if done within 30 minutes after injury. Pain or inflammation can then be effectively treated using acetaminophen (paracetamol), or ibuprofen. Ice, butter, cream and ointment can not be used because it can worsen burns.
CPR can be performed and sent to the hospital if the burn is severe enough. Patients with severe burns are often treated through trauma resuscitation, airway management, fluid resuscitation, blood transfusion, wound management, and skin grafting, as well as antibiotic use.
Results
For people who are hospitalized for thermal burns, 95% of them survive. Survival rates have been increasing steadily over the past half century due to advances in treating burns and more trustworthy centers of burns. According to statistics from 1990 to 1994, the risk of deaths caused by burns is greater for people older than 60 years, burns covering over 40% of the body, and patients suffering from inhalation injuries. According to the formula developed by the authors, patients who have zero risk criteria will have a 99.7% chance of survival, a person who has one criterion will have a 97% chance of survival, a patient who has two will have 67% chance, and the patient the third breastfeeding will have a 10% chance of survival.
Epidemiology
In the United States, more than two million people need medical care for thermal burns every year. About 1 in 30 victims (75,000) are hospitalized for thermal burns each year, with one-third of patients staying in hospitals for more than two months. About 14,000 Americans die every year from burns.
Children
Thermal burn is one of the most common mode of early childhood injury. In the United States, burns are the third most common cause of death among children. Nearly 96,000 children worldwide died from thermal burns in 2004, and 61,400 died in 2008 due to thermal injuries. Deaths from burns fell by 55% from 1999 to 2011. Burns are the only accidental mode of injury that more girls face than boys around the world, including fires.
References
External links
- Burns in MedlinePlus
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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