The conservation and restoration of wooden artifacts refers to the preservation of art and artifacts made of wood. Conservation and restoration in terms of cultural heritage completed by a conservator-restorer.
See also Conservation and restoration of wood furniture
Video Conservation and restoration of wooden artifacts
Nature of Material
Wood is a vascular material derived from stems, roots, or stems of over 3,000 varieties of plants. It is a cellular network and can therefore be understood by looking into biological structures..
Cell Structure
Wood is porous and its growth is direction. This is because of the cellular structure of the material. The cellular structure determines factors such as grain, texture, and color.. Identification of wood species is done by conservation scientists.
Grain
Wood grain is made by variations in the number and arrangement of cells. This specifically refers to the longitudinal alignment of the cell, or the direction in which the fibers will occur. The six types of grains are: straight, irregular, diagonal, spiral, interlocked, and choppy. Direct grain direction corresponds to the strength of the wood..
Texture
The texture depends on the dimensions of the ship that make up the wood. Large vessels produce only wood, while small vessels produce a smooth texture..
Color
The color is determined by the infiltrates in the wood cell wall. Infiltrates can be affected by light, air, and heat that cause chemical reactions within the cell wall. It is this chemical reaction that gives color to the wood or what causes the discoloration of wood.
Maps Conservation and restoration of wooden artifacts
Wood Artifact Structure
Wood Workshop
The joinery refers to any way that makes two separate components unified. Wooden workshops related to wood can take the form of the following things:
- The connection widened
- Corner joint
- Frame the connection - combine two pieces of wood at the right angle
- Received
- Deep and dwell
- Edge Joints-merge two pieces of wood along the long edge of the board
- Glue
- Tongue and Groove
- Spline Joints-Extends wooden boards
- Partner and shared dowel
- Hardware
See Woodworking joints
The success of the workshop connection depends on the selected selection, the direction of the joined part grain, the amount of pressure imposed, the movement of wood in terms of moisture, and the quality of the connection surface. If any of these factors are compromised then joining is not as strong as it should be.
Surface
Wooden objects are often coated with surface or ornaments. The following is a common example of surface treatment for wooden artifacts:
- Inlay
- Paint
- Varnish
- Gilding
- Lacquer
Damage Agent
Humidity
Humidity affects damage to wooden artifacts because of too much moisture in the air, too little moisture in the air, or rapid moisture fluctuations. Because of the timber composition, careful moisture control is a factor in preventative conservation. If the relative humidity is too low, the wood will release some of its moisture into the air and dry out. Conversely, if the relative humidity is too high, the wood absorbs water from the air and expands. Rapid fluctuations in moisture can cause warping, loosening of the joints, and dividing. High humidity levels in the air also create an environment that encourages biological damage.
Weathering
Weathering is associated with damage to objects caused by exposure to wind, rain, sunshine, snow, or other natural events. This natural phenomenon erodes the surface of the wood, causing damage to the surface and structure.
Chemical Agents
Chemical damage is caused by agents that create chemical reactions in the cellular structure of wood. Five common chemical agents that destroy wood are:
- Light - Creates a chemical reaction within the wooden cell wall, leading to discoloration or texture
- Acid-Cause wood becomes brittle.
- Alkali- Causes wood fibers apart and damaged.
- Salt - Similar to alkali, salt breaks wood fibers.
- Fire-Wood is a combustible combustible material in many cases when exposed to a fire.
Biological Agents
Biological damage in the case of wooden artifacts is caused mainly by Insects and Fungus which gnaw the surface of the material, which can cause further problems if left untreated.
Insects
Insects damage wooden artifacts by feeding on organic matter, leaving garbage behind, or sticking into wood. Insect damage can be controlled by understanding their life cycle and needs. Because they depend on the environment to regulate their body temperature, the insects will slow down the activity of colder temperatures and will not breed or thrive if temperatures below 50 degrees Fahrenheit, or 10 degrees Celsius. In addition to requiring high temperatures, insects also thrive in environments with relatively high humidity levels. Wooden artifacts can provide the right environment for insects to feed, tunnel, reproduce, and reproduce, causing various damage to the wood, including, dull holes, waste materials, chewing marks, and outlet holes.
Mushroom
The fungus causes damage to the wooden artifact by eating away at the wood and causing it to rot. Growth occurs in wooden artifacts when the environment is wet due to high humidity levels and poor ventilation.
Other Pests
- Birds-Especially, woodpeckers, will cause damage to wooden objects left outdoors
- Marine Organisms - Can be a problem for newly restored artefacts from the maritime environment.
- Rodents - Will bite the surface of wood objects to get food. This is particularly a problem for objects that used to be storage ships.
Preventive Conservation
Preventive preservation is a form of care Collection that acts to prevent damage to artifacts. This type of conservation can be done by anyone trained as a Collection Maker, registrar, art handler, or conservator.
Environmental Control
One of the most basic forms of preventive conservation is through environmental control, which includes regulation of temperature, humidity, and light. Through environmental control, most forms of damage to wooden artifacts can be prevented relatively easily.
Temperature
Temperature affects wood objects through their correlation with moisture. Generally lower temperatures reduce the amount of moisture in the air, while higher temperatures increase the amount of moisture in the air. Thus, the recommended temperature for storage and appearance of wooden artifacts is 70 degrees Fahrenheit during the winter months and 70-75 degrees Fahrenheit during the summer months.
Humidity
Recommended relative humidity for storage and appearance of wooden artifacts during the winter is 35% -45% and 55% -65% during the summer months. Any percentage above 70 can cause mold or insect infestation. Careful control of relative humidity can reduce the risk of damage caused by loss or absorption of water. Equipment that can help in humidity setting is air conditioning, humidifier or dehumidifier depending on the requirement, or by applying RH buffer.
Light
Light can cause cumulative damage to wooden artifacts, which causes color changes on the surface. Long exposure to light can result in light forest darkening and dark wood bleaching. Infrared radiation and heat from light can also damage every touch of the object, causing cracks of paint or varnish, brittleness, or surface softening.
To reduce damage caused by light, it is recommended that the following three steps be taken:
- Eliminate UV radiation - This can be done simply by keeping the object out of direct sunlight and displaying it behind the UV filtering glass.
- Reduce the length of time the object is exposed to light - Most cultural institutions limit the amount of time a light-sensitive object is displayed by rotating in and out of the gallery. Light exposures can also be controlled by enabling timer-activated lights, so objects are only illuminated when visitors are present and then only for a short time.
- Keep light on the minimum light level that is comfortable to see-When an object is illuminated for viewers, the lighting will light up to a minimum level for a comfortable view.
Clean
With wooden artifacts exposed to open air, it is important to remove particulates from the surface of the object regularly. The buildup of particulates can lead to biological damage, promote the growth of micro-organisms, and damage the surface quality of an object. Regular cleaning can reduce long-term damage caused by particulate buildup. The most basic and effective method to clean wooden artifacts regularly is to remove dust from the surface with a dry cotton cloth.
Storage
Wooden artifacts should be kept away from direct sunlight and in spaces where they will not be knocked or crammed.
Pest Eradication
Treatment for cleaning wooden artifacts from insects usually involves a combination of the following techniques:
- Insecticide treatment - Insecticides can be placed directly on the area of ​​an object, or used to treat large areas within the space where objects are stored
- Temperature-based treatments- Because insects need a certain temperature to thrive, placing objects in a freezer that is -25 to -30 degrees Celsius for three days will kill the remaining insects. Alternatively, placing objects in a space heated to 50 degrees Celius for an hour will also kill all stages of insect growth.
- Low oxygen atmospheres-Keeping wooden artifacts in air-filled chambers filled with nitrogen or argon for 21 days will end the life cycle of insects and can be used as an alternative to pesticides.
Object Treatment
Surface Cleanup
Surface cleaning refers to particulate removal from the surface of an object. To clean the surface of wooden artifacts, the conservator generally uses a soft brush or vacuum cleaner with a soft brush. If wet surface cleaning is required, aqueous detergents can be applied by using a soft cotton swab or cotton cloth.
Drying
If the wooden artifacts suffered water damage, then the object should be dried slowly so as not to cause splitting of the wood when it dries. Similar to relative humidity, rapid fluctuations in moisture from water damage can cause further damage to wood objects. Slow-controlled drying can be achieved by lowering relative humidity and creating tents for artifacts so as not to lose moisture too quickly.
Consolidation
If a wooden object has been damaged by an insect or fungus, a method of treatment is to consolidate damaged fibers using a liquid resin or solvent to strengthen the material. This method can cause visual changes to objects and not always reversible.
Consolidation may also refer to painted surface treatment of wood. Due to the intricate nature of wood as a material, the consolidation of paint on wooden artifacts should be done with care. When the wood expands and contracts with temperature fluctuations and moisture, damage can occur on the wood surface.
Structural Improvement
Structural improvements to wooden artifacts, as well as the preservation of any artifact, should not be troublesome. One method of fixing pieces of wooden artifacts is the use of hot or liquid protective glue. To reverse the warping of wooden artifacts, conservators often treat artifacts using pressure. Treatment methods can be divided into three categories: Direct Woodworking, Indirect Woodworking, and Moisture-Related Methods.
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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