Saint Paul is the second largest city in the state of Minnesota in the United States, the county of Ramsey County, and the state capital of Minnesota. The origins and growth of the city were driven by the proximity of Fort Snelling, the first major US military presence in the area, and its location on the Upper Mississippi River, with the northernmost natural navigation port of a large river.
Fort Snelling, originally known as Fort Saint Anthony, was founded in 1819, at the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers to build the American dominance of the feather trade industry on the river. As whiskey trade began to grow, the military officers at Fort Snelling forbade refiners from the fortress land, with a retired French fur trader who became a peddler, Pierre "Pig's Eye" Parrant, which deeply disturbed officials. In 1838, Parrant moved his residence and downstream operations about 5 miles (8.0 km) to the north bank of the river in what is now Saint Paul's city center. There Parrant established an area known as "L'Oeil de Cochon" (which is French for "Pig's Eye") and a new location began to be inhabited by French Canadians. The 1837 treaty with indigenous people secured the city for white settlements. In 1841, the settlement was named Saint Paul by Father Lucien Galtier, a priest of France, in honor of the Apostle Paul. In the early 1840s the area became important as a trading center, a stop for settlers to the west, and known regionally as Pig's Eye or Pig's Eye Landing. Minnesota territory was inaugurated in 1849 in the name of Saint Paul as its capital. In 1854, Saint Paul was incorporated as a city and in 1858, Minnesota was accepted in union with Saint Paul the capital of the 32nd state.
Natural geography plays a role in the settlement and development of Saint Paul as a center of commerce and transportation. The Mississippi River valley in this area is defined by a series of rock cliffs lining both sides of the river. Saint Paul was developed around Lambert's Landing, the last place to dismantle a boat coming upstream at an accessible point, about 14 miles (23 km) downstream from Saint Anthony Falls, a geographical feature that defines the location of Minneapolis and its superiority as Mill City. This makes Saint Paul a gateway to the Upper Midwest for settlers heading west toward the Minnesota border or the Dakota Territory. In 1858, more than 1,000 steamers dropped cargo and passengers in Saint Paul. Initially, a wagon and railroad, the Saint Anthony Trail to the Red River valley, led by Saint Paul, was followed by many Saint Paul-based trains, such as the Great Northern Railway and the Northern Pacific Railway, which is part of today's BNSF Railway. For over a hundred years, Saint Paul is a border town and railroad city. Today is more influenced by trade and its function as state capital. It has been called "The Last City in the East."
The taste of the city has been determined by its people. Throughout its history, first generation immigrants have been dominant, introducing their language, religion, and culture. The entry of the people is illustrated by its institutions, built by French, French Canadian, German, Swedish, Irish, Czech, Austro-Hungarian, Polish, Italian, Mexican, Somali, and Hmong.
Video History of Saint Paul, Minnesota
Geological history
During the Cambrian and upper Ordovician periods, about 505 to 438 million years ago, shallow tropical oceans covered much of southeastern Minnesota adjacent to the equator. During this time, the sedimentary rocks which are the bedrock of St Paul are deposited. The most visible of these is the 156-foot (48 m) to 166-foot (51 m) thick layer of St. Peter Sandstone, the lowest layer of sedimentary rock over the Mississippi River in Saint Paul, which is overlaid by a thin - 3-foot (1 m ) to a 5.5-foot (2 m) thick layer of Glenwood Shale, and covered with a thick layer of Platteville Limestone as thick as 28 feet (9 m). These units are overlaid by fossilized Decorah Shale, which in some places is completely eroded and in others up to 95 feet (29 m) thick, and exposed on brickyards, a popular fossil hunting site in Lilydale Park. All units exposed on the surface at St. Paul is from the Ordovisian era. Marine fossils can be seen embedded in limestone structures, such as Henry Hastings Sibley House.
About 20,000 years ago, the area was covered by the Superior Lobe of the Laurentide ice sheet, which left Moraine St. Croix in the Twin Cities when it receded. Later, the Grantsburg Sublobe of Des Moines Lobe also covered the area. This thick layer of ice cuts Limestone limestone Platteville with tremendous strength, forming tunnel valleys, and releasing glacial meltwater. The result is a series of troughs in limestone, filled by glacial deposits up to and outwash as glaciers recede. Sometimes the sediment will mix with large ice blocks, which will leave the voids, or kettles, on the ground. The kettles are then filled with water and become Lake Como and Phalen Lake.
The Warren Glacier River is a prehistoric river that depletes Lake Agassiz in central North America between 11,700 and 9,400 years ago. Lake Agassiz, which has a depth of up to 600-700 feet (~ 200 m), and in various enclosed areas of more than 110,000 square miles (~ 300,000 km 2 ), is formed from meltwaters of Laurentide Ice Sheets during Wisconsin glaciers of last ice age. The great outer stream of this lake carves a wide valley now occupied by the much smaller Minnesota River and Upper Mississippi River under its encounter with Minnesota. Blocked by a layer of ice in the north, lake water rises to about 9,700 years before Present (BP), when overtopped from Big Stone Moraine , a glacial drift ridge abandoned by receding glaciers, at Browns Valley, Minnesota. The lake's flow is sometimes a disaster, creating a wide valley to Saint Paul, where the enormous Warren River graces the landscape. Over 1700 years this waterfall retreats upstream and weakens Mississippi at Fort Snelling location. The waterfall then split. Mississippi fell migrating upstream to form Saint Anthony Falls and created Minnehaha Falls in Minneapolis. The Warren River falls to the west in the Minnesota River basin until they reach an old river basin buried about two miles (3 km) west of the meeting, where the waterfall goes out. The tall cliffs on both sides of the river represent the channels dug by the Warren River when the river brings a large amount of water through Saint Paul.
Maps History of Saint Paul, Minnesota
Native Americans
A total of 37 Mounds funerals were built by the Hopewell culture, one of several Native American Mound builders about 2000 years ago. Dead people are buried with artifacts, showing religious traditions. The humps built by Hopewell culture were built in a peculiar way, burying dead ashes; Indian Dakota then uses the same site to bury their corpses, wrapping their bodies with animal skins. From about 1600 to 1837, the Dakota Indians lived near the hills. Under the mound there is a huge cave at the base of the cliff. The Carver Cave is called by Dakota, "WakÃÆ'Â Â ¢ n Teepee" - the sacred shrine, or the abode of the Great Spirit. The entrance is 3 feet (1 m) tall with 10 feet (3 m) wide and the interior is 20 feet (6 m) tall with 30 feet (9 m) wide, with a large lake extending forward 129 feet (39 m). The hieroglyphics of rattlesnakes and bears are cut into sandstone walls. After the 1837 Treaty of St Peters, about 200 Ojibwa living on the cliff of Saint Paul emptied the area and moved to the west side of the Mississippi River. The land was soon inhabited by French Voyageurs who risked claims for plots in Dayton's Bluff.
Initial completion
Britain claims land east of Mississippi and France, then Spain, and once again France claims land on the west of the river as a further area of ​​New France. In 1787, the land on the east side of the river became part of the Northwest Territory. Between the 1780s and 1800s, Spanish merchants from St. Louis trades through the region, including Manuel Lisa and JosÃÆ'Â © MarÃÆ'a VigÃÆ'³ (also known as Francisco VigÃÆ'³). From 1837 to 1848, Saint Paul grew from a few traders, mostly from France and France, with tents and huts by the river to a small town with settlers beginning to plant roots; in 1840, the town had only nine cabins scattered between Upper and Lower Landing. Some were members of the failed Red River Colonies in Manitoba, but soon joined the first generation of American pioneers. There is no structure in Saint Paul that survives this period. In 1841, Father Lucien Galtier founded a Catholic chapel, the Saint Paul Chapel, on a cliff over the landing (near Second Street and Cedar Street now), named it in honor of his favorite saint and because the couple with St. Peter's Church in Mendota, 5 miles 8 km) upstream and across the river. Around that time, the name of the settlement was officially transformed into Saint Paul as a more proper name than "Pig's Eye" ( French : L'Oeil du Cochon) and in honor of the new chapel. In 1847, Baptist schoolteacher Harriet Bishop came from Vermont (via New York City) and opened the city's first school in a cabin in St. Louis. Peter Street and Kellogg Boulevard. There he teaches children from diverse ethnic, racial and religious backgrounds and supports the movement of simplicity. Harriet Island is named for him. In 1849, the Minnesota Territory was inaugurated and Saint Paul was named as its capital. Justus Ramsey's brother, Alexander Ramsey, a Philadelphia politician moved there to become the first territorial governor. In 1850, the city narrowly escaped from the proposed legislation to move the capital to Saint Peter when the territorial legislator Joe Rolette disappeared with an approved bill.
Early years boom, 1849-1860
In the decade after its appointment as the territorial capital, Saint Paul grew exponentially from 900 in 1849 to 10,000 in 1860. William Williams described the city of this boom during a visit on 14 June 1849:
"get up early, find Boat landing on St. Paul's flour I walk on steep cliffs and see the city in general Upper town or newly located in a wild-looking place located on a high cliff that has a steep face to River & Rocks projecting.The lower city, or Old French, consists of about 10 or 15 houses, some of them a bark roof. In this section were found Half of Indian & French and Canadian French descent.This section stands on the lower ground just above a ravine where the Carver Cave is located.The upper city site is more damaged and stands on a row of sand There are a lot of people here Many of them have their closets, carts and tents There are two big framed hotels that go up and lots of small buildings scattered among the bushes, for a larger part of the land where the new city tribunes have not been dug, full of bushes and shrubs They are asking for a set up to $ 500 for a lot, I think they will do it has a lot of work to do here before they have things as they should. There is a slough 100 meters wide between the town and the river, where they build a cross road to get from the river to town. In between rivers and slough there is almost no space for three or four warehouses. Two here set up. "
Minnesota's first newspaper, Minnesota Pioneer , today's pioneer . Paul Pioneer Press, founded by James M. Goodhue in 1849. In the west of downtown Saint Paul is Irvine Park neighborhood; it was kept by John Irvine and Henry Mower Rice in 1849, and the oldest house of Saint Paul, Charles Symonds House (1850) lies there. Other surviving homes of this period include Justus Ramsey Stone House (1851), Benjamin Brunson House (1856), William Dahl House (1858), David Luckert House (1858), and Johan and Mary Magdalena Schilliger House (1859). -1862). In the middle of the decade, a primitive parliament building, a courthouse (a Greek Awakening building designed by David Day), and a small prison have been built. The first bridge to cross the Mississippi River in Saint Paul was the Wabasha Road Bridge, the Howe Truss wooden bridge completed in 1859. Saint Paul saw early population growth from various regions and various ethnic groups. But the main factor in Saint Paul's early population growth was the Quebec diaspora of the 1840s and 1930s, in which one million French Canadians moved to the United States, mainly to New England, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan countries. As the population grows, so do religious and cultural institutions. The German-Jewish pioneer formed the first synagogue of Saint Paul in 1856 and the German cultural society, Leseverein built Athenaeum, a Deutsches Haus for theater production. In the early 1850s, the Catholic parish in the city was divided into three factions; French, German and Irish groups each performed service in their native language in a single building. In 1856, the Diocese allowed the German Catholics to have their own parish, and the first Assumption Church was built. In 1853, the Baldwin School and in 1854, the College of Saint Paul was founded by a Presbyterian minister; this was later combined into Macalester College. The city's music tradition begins with informal concerts in homes; piano and melodeon grew up in the river by steamboat. No longer cut off from the outside world, the first telegraph line reached Saint Paul in 1860.
Full steam growth
As Saint Paul grew, and its close neighbors, Saint Anthony and Minneapolis grew with greater precipitance, wharves in "Lower Landing" and "Upper Landing" were busy with activity. The country's population reached 200,000 by 1860, and most of them arrived by river boat, descending on Saint Paul. The ranches are observed in the vast countryside, including Davern Farm (1862) and Spangenberg Farm (1864). Rich entrepreneurs like James C. Burbank, owner of the Minnesota Stage Company, which monopolizes the entire country that controls 1,600 miles (2,575 km) of stages by 1865, begins to spend a fortune building large buildings. Burbank's Home (1862-1865) was one of the first mansions built high on a cliff on Summit Avenue. At the end of the 19th century, it was just one of hundreds of impressive buildings in Historic Hill District, West Summit Avenue Historical District, Woodland Park District, Bluff Dayton and Irvine Park Historic District, where powerful and affluent people live.
On the east side, new Swedish immigrants with little wealth and little English skills settled in the Phalen's Creek ravine, or Swede Hollow. The creek, named after Edward Phelan, runs from Phalen Lake to Mississippi. Many live in stalls in river valleys, which function as open sewers; tributaries also provide hydro power to industries such as Excelsior Brewery (later Hamm's Brewery). A similar community downstream called the Connemara Patch also exists for Irish immigrants.
In keeping with history, the downtown area is home to some famous brothels; the first known to have opened in 1868, provided employment for some women in the wild border town. A stylish lady, Mary Robinson reported a property worth $ 77,000 in 1870. Others were not so lucky. Kate Hutton was shot and killed by a lover, and possibly another woman that night was a victim of violence; Henrietta Charles died of syphilis at age 38. In 1872, Horace Cleveland visited the city and proposed a city park system; soon Como Lake was purchased, eventually hosting Como Park, Zoo, and Conservatory. Then, in 1899, Phalen Lake was also bought by the city.
In 1877, the volunteer fire department was dissolved for the paid department. Volunteers have been serving the city since 1854, but the building boom requires moving to full-time departments. Horse-drawn road cars and even some cable cars covered 20 miles (32 km) of city streets in 1880, but in 1891 they were all replaced by electric tram lines. The remote environment grew from the placement of tram lines and short lanes, Merriam Park in 1882, Macalester Park in 1883, Saint Anthony Park in 1885, and Groveland in 1890. In 1885, a New York journalist wrote that Saint Paul was " another Siberian, unfit for human habitation "in winter. Offended by an attack on their capital, the Saint Paul Chamber of Commerce decided not only to prove that Saint Paul was livable but that its citizens were very alive during the winter, the most dominant season. Saint Paul Winter Carnival was born. In 1886, King Boreas of the First was crowned and the first Winter Carnival began. The festival also features an ice castle, an elaborate creation made of Minnesota lake ice, which has evolved into an internationally recognized icon for the Saint Paul festival. Foreign language newspapers are expanding, with local publications in Germany, France, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Poland and Czech. African-Americans read The Appeal and Jewish immigrants read Jewish Weekly .
Convenient transportation and an increasingly crowded population contributed to the outbreak of typhoid fever in 1898. Soldiers gathered for the Spanish-American War were encouraged by 40,000 visitors and 500 soldiers sickened by the exposure. At the turn of the century, the hatred of the newest immigrants began to happen. Henry A. Castle writes that the earliest immigrants, mainly from the British Isles, Germans, Scandinavians, Swiss, Dutch, Belgians, and Frenchers easily achieved the standards expected of them. By contrast, in the 1880s, most of the new immigrants were unskilled workers from southern Europe, Eastern Europe, and Russia. He describes them as illiterate, can not be assimilated to the culture of the city, and often without a family. He says they are draining the economy by working here and sending money back to their hometown.
The historic center of Saint Paul's History, built in 1902 and originally served as the Federal Courthouse and Post Office for Upper Midwest. It stands like a time capsule in the beautiful Rice Park. The building is now the center of art and culture for Saint Paul. As the courthouse, John Dillinger, Machine Gun Kelly, and Baby Face Nelson were tried in the building.
State capitals
Much of Saint Paul's passion can be attributed to his status as the seat of state government. The Capitol building was built in 1854 and 1882. But at the turn of the century, a third state Parliament building is under construction. The building was designed by Cass Gilbert and modeled after St. Peter's Basilica in Rome - an unsupported marble dome is the second largest in the world, after St. Peter's. At a cost of USD $ 4.5 million, opened in 1905. The exterior is made of Georgian marble and Saint Cloud granite. The inner wall is constructed of 20 different stone types, including Mankato limestone. Above the southern entrance (main) to the building is a golden quadriga called Progress Country carved by Daniel Chester French and Edward Clark Potter. It was completed and elevated to the roof of the parliament building in 1906. On the rotunda floor under the dome is a big star, representing "North Star State." Above is a 6 foot (2 m) crystal lamp. Gold artwork and leaves are used freely to decorate the legislative structure. The prosperity of the building is the testimony of the great wealth produced by the state at that time.
Trade and industry
As Minneapolis thrived as a milling town, Saint Paul thrived in finance and commerce. Brewers, Anthony Yoerg and Theodore Hamm arrive with their German beer recipe and find a thirsty population here. Bohn Manufacturing Company, the cabinet maker, rode the waves as households replaced their ice boxes with refrigerators, becoming the Seeger Refrigerator Company, which was eventually purchased by Whirlpool Corporation. In 1906 Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company moved from Duluth to Saint Paul, then to 3M, a Fortune 500 company. Banks financed railways, factories and housing for a booming economy and an ever-increasing population. Large buildings such as the Germania Bank Building (1889), Manhattan Building (1889), the Merchants National Bank (1892), and Pioneer and Endicott Buildings (1889-1890) soared in Lowertown, where businessmen arrived and new immigrants could not helpful but impressed by them. Victorian-style storefronts with high-rise apartments sprouting along the city streets. Some surviving include Schornstein Grocery and Saloon (1884), Walsh Building (1888), Rochat-Louise-Sauerwein Block (1885-1895), and Otto W. Rohland Building (1891). With wealth and leisure time, cultural institutions emerged, such as Shubert Theater now the Fitzgerald Theater. Andrew Carnegie funded three libraries in the city: the library of Saint Anthony Park, Riverview, and Arlington Hills, while James J. Hill endowed the Saint Paul Public Library/James J. Hill Reference Library. In 1924, Ford Motor Company opened the Twin Cities Assembly Factory; the site is located on the Mississippi River adjacent to the company's dam, which produces hydroelectric power. Somewhat unique for this site is the sandstone tunnel under the 125-acre plant (0.51Ã, km 2 ). Ford mines silica to make glass for cars manufactured here, leaving a vast tunnel system deep into the river bank. The factory was converted to manufacture armored vehicles during World War II.
Higher education
Higher education has played an important part in the city's history.
Hamline University (1854) Hamline was founded and named after Methodist Bishop Leonidas Lent Hamline, who provided $ 25,000 of his own money to launch the school. The university opened in Red Wing, Minnesota, on the premise that schools would eventually move to Saint Paul. The bishop's sculpture, carved by the late art professor Michael Price, stood on campus. In 1869, the university closed its operations after registration declined drastically due to the Civil War. The first building on the Red Wing site was demolished in 1872. A new building opened in 1880 in the mid Saint Saint's neighborhood housing 113 students. The building burned down in 1883, and the following year, a new building was developed: Old Main, Hamline's oldest remaining building.
In 1917 Hamline actively responded to the call of World War I by combining the Army Training Corps at the university. More buildings were developed after World War II. In 1928, Hamline consisted of the Old Main (classroom and administration), Manor House (female residence), Methodist church, and Goheen Hall (male residence halls). Hamline faced severe challenges during the depression of the US economy in the early 1930s. After World War II, Hamline's choir and theater department became musical references in Minnesota. The chorus will eventually become nationally famous, and will travel abroad. In 1950, enrollment exceeded 1000 students, and the board of directors decided to further develop. New developments include two new residential spaces (Sorin and Drew hall), a cultural center (Bush Student Center), a new carpentry center (VanHemert Hall) a new arts center, and a new science center (Drew Hall of Science). All of these projects were completed in the mid-1960s.
Macalester College (1885) had its beginnings because of Pastor's efforts. Edward Duffield Neill, who founded two schools in Saint Paul and near Minneapolis named after MW Baldwin, a locomotive builder and friend of Neill. For the purpose of changing St. Paul Baldwin became a college, Neill turned to Charles Macalester, a businessman from Philadelphia, to sponsor. Macalester donated a building near the Saint Anthony Falls, and the campus was rented in 1874. The college moved to its present location in 1885 after building donations and seeking the help of the Presbyterian Church. The first college admitted women in 1893, and although affiliated with religious institutions, remains open to students of other faiths.
Macalester was largely done through financial difficulties and was brought to prominence by Dr. James Wallace, father of DeWitt Wallace. Wallace acted as college president from 1894 to 1900, president from 1900 to 1906, and professor until before his death in 1939. After World War II, the college developed a reputation of internationalism under Charles Turck's presidency (later the namesake of Turck Hall) , who were recruited abroad and created a more diverse student body. Macalester's positive reputation grew during the 1960s, when it consistently attracted many National Scholars, enough to get into the top ten countries. During this time, college was also greatly benefited by the success of DeWitt Wallace with Reader's Digest. Macalester continued to expand until the 1990s, building on its donations and adding new facilities and equipment.
The St. University Thomas (1885) began as a fully male Catholic seminary. John Ireland, archbishop of Saint Paul and Minneapolis started St. Thomas Aquinas Seminary, who became a liberal arts college in 1894. The prize of the local railway conglomerate James J. Hill provided funding to establish St. Paul's Seminary off campus. The College of Saint Thomas became a military-based school for college students in 1906 and earned its first academic degree in 1910. Prior to that, the school awarded a two-year diploma in a commercial and classical program. In 1915, the academy and the Saint Thomas Military Academy for high school students were divided into two institutions and in 1965 the academy moved to Mendota Heights, Minnesota. The colleges then dropped military differences in 1922.
From the late 1920s to the mid-1930s, the Holy Cross, which runs the University of Notre Dame, controlled the administration of the college. The diocese called the priests to help with school finances; they were known as the crisis intervention team for the parish school at the time. During World War II, St. Thomas serves as a training base for naval officers, which keeps the school open when people who attend college struggle in the war. After the war, in 1948, college was founded 'Tom Town' at the eastern end of the lower quadrant, which is currently home to the O'Shaughnessey-Frey Library. Tom Town consists of residential units like barracks and white for their faculty, students, and families. The unit helped meet housing demand after World War II.
Concordia University (1893) was founded by the Lutheran-Missouri Church Synod. It is part of the 10-member Concordia University System. It was established to provide a Christian learning environment for high school students planning to enter a professional ministry with the Lutheran-Missouri Church Synod. Registration is currently about 2,800.
His first predecessor William Mitchell College of Law (1900) was founded by five St.. Paulites (Hiram F. Stevens, Ambrose Tighe, Moses Clapp, Thomas D. O'Brien, and Clarence Halbert). St. Paulites Warren E. Burger and John B. Sanborn, Jr. received their law degree from William Mitchell, while the original colleague Harry Blackmun taught at school before his judicial services.
Saint Paul's Campus of St. Catherine University (1905) was founded by the Sisters of Saint Joseph of Carondelet. Named for Saint Catherine of Alexandria.
Luther Seminary (1917) (ELCA) was originally formed through the merger of three institutions in 1917 together with the merging of three Norwegian Lutheran Churches to create what came to be called the Evangelical Lutheran Church. ELC became part of the ALC in 1960.
Religion
As the city's population grew, and the wealth of the population grew, several monuments to the gods of the people were established. The most prominent in the city skyline is St. Paul's Cathedral; the construction was sparked by Archbishop John Ireland in 1904. On the direction of Ireland, the Archdiocese commissioned the famous French Beaux-Arts architect Emmanuel Louis Masqueray, who was also the chief architect of the 1904 World Exposition in St. Petersburg. Louis, Missouri, and construction began in 1906. Masqueray's open design allows visitors to not be deterred from seeing altar and pulpit. German, French, and Polish Catholics had previously given birth from a prominent Irish parish who formed the Assumption of the Assumption Church, Saint Louis Church, French King L'Eglise de Saint-Louis, Roi de France, which is currently commonly known as the "little church of France") and is the third Catholic Church built by French Canadians to serve the large French-speaking population within the Saint Paul neighborhood at the time and eventually Saint Casimir Church (and Saint Church Adalbert), respectively. The German-Catholic parish in the Church of the Assumption separates several German parishes: Sacred Heart (1881), Saint Francis de Sales (1884), Saint Matthew (1886), Saint Agnes (1887), and Saint Bernard (1890). ). Our Lady of Guadalupe Church was formed in the early 1930s to serve Spanish-speaking immigrants on the West Side of Saint Paul.
In order not to be defeated by Catholic factions, the Protestants organized and built the first Central Presbyterian Church in 1854, which was later enlarged during the 1870s. The fast-growing congregation built the building, so they built a new church in 1889. The building, an example of the Richardsonian Roman architecture, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The First Baptist Church of Saint Paul built their building in 1875, and it is the largest and most expensive church in Saint Paul, described in Pioneer Press as "the best part of Chicago's western architecture." In 1909 the Church of Arlington Hill Lutheran opened on Saint Paul's East Side, serving in English, rather than Swedes at that time in that neighborhood.
The First Lutheran Church was first organized in 1854, on the East Side of Saint Paul. The service was held in Sweden until 1890 when English was adopted. The Lutheran Redeemer Church was founded in 1889 by the Germans, but the service is in English. On West 7th Street, the Church of Saint Mark Lutheran switched from German to English in 1911. Organized in 1890, the Swedish Lutheran Lutheran Church at Merriam Park turned to English service in 1931. The Pilgrim Baptist Church was a building that housed the Black Baptist first. congregation in Saint Paul. The Congregation was founded on 15 November 1866 by Rev. Robert Hickman and a group of slaves who fled from Boone County, Missouri. They were smuggled into the Mississippi River on the War Eagle vessel with the help of Union Army and Underground Railroad. In 1900 the group had created four additional black churches in the city.
Judaism was very prominent in Saint Paul from the beginning; in 1856, eight German-Jewish merchants established the Temple of Zion Mountain. They are accepted in society, both because they are German and because they are among the first inhabitants of the border city. In 1900 the Jewish population in the city reached 5,000, but many of the newer immigrants came from Russia and Poland and they occasionally clashed with the more established German Jews. Today, seven synagogues have Saint Paul's eyes.
West Side
So named because it is an area within the city limits on the west side of the Mississippi River, the West Side neighborhood is basically south of downtown. Until the Traverse des Sioux Agreement, the West Side belongs to the Dakota people, and therefore is not available for settlement. After the 1851 agreement, it was available, but due to frequent floods, before 1880, some people lived in "flats." The French-Canadian, Irish, and especially Germans live on the banks of the river and bluff out of the flood zone; in 1874, the West Side was annexed by the city of Saint Paul. In 1882, a train of 200 Eastern European Jews arrived, having fled from the genocide in their homeland. Without money, they initially set up tents in the lowlands of the West Side, Saint Paul. Tents gradually gave way to small houses and over the next three decades, more refugees joined them, coming from Russia, Lithuania, Poland, Syria, and Lebanon. The synagogue and the Hebrew school were built. The environment is bound by geography, with rivers forming the west, north and east borders and the cliffs that tear down the south. Elevation is broadly divided economically and ethnically. After World War I, the flats began to be inhabited by Mexican-Americans who came to Minnesota to work in meatpacking plants and sugar beet fields, and settled there permanently. The Neighborhood House, a source of public support for social services was founded by eastern European Jews, and became a haven for Mexican immigrants in the 1920s and 1930s. The organization provides services such as English classes, sewing, and cooking, and job referrals. When the Jewish population built wealth and moved to higher ground, they rented their modest homes in the lowlands to Mexican immigrants. African-American architect Clarence W. Wigington (1883-1967) designed several structures in the city, including the Harriet Island Pavilion. Little remains of the historical lowlands, as in the early 1960s, the whole neighborhood was crushed for urban renewal, destroying much of the historic structure on the Lower West Side; but many of the more affluent housing houses on the high cliffs survive, including Heimbach House and Anthony Yoerg House.
1904 tornado
On August 20, 1904, Saint Paul and many areas of the Twin Cities were attacked by devastating thunderstorms and tornadoes. In Saint Paul, hundreds of buildings were damaged or destroyed which caused damage of USD $ 1.78 million in the city. Part A of the 180-foot High Bridge (55 m) above the Mississippi River was blown up, and partially landed in houses in flats under the bridge. Three people were killed and more than 50 wounded in the downtown area, mostly in the Tivoli Concert Hall and the Imperial Theater (Vaudeville) near Wabasha Road Bridge. The German-American Bank building and the Pioneer Press building suffered heavy damage, with each missing most of their upstairs windows. The power grid disappears, cuts off communication to the city and complicates relief efforts.
Before tearing off the installation, the Weather Weather Bureau anemometer on the roof of the Pioneer Press building in Saint Paul recorded a continuous one-minute wind speed measurement of 110 miles per hour (177 km/h) at speeds of up to 180 miles per hour (290Ã, km/). Each is a Minnesota record that still stands today. Although measurable wind gusts can be strong enough to be classed as F3 tornadoes, it is unknown whether the damage was caused by tornadoes or straight line winds because the condensing funnel was never observed.
20th century
French, German, Irish and Swedish immigrants were replaced by Czech, Slovak, Italian, Polish, Mexican, and Hmong immigrants. In 1879, the Slovak Slovak immigrant community based at the intersection of St. Petersburg. Clair and West Seventh Streets bought a lot of goods at 383 Michigan from the mayor sitting Saint Paul, William Dawson. They established their first hall as home to a number of their organizations, including literary Slovanska Lipa (1868-79), a Sokol (1882-present) fitness community and? Esko-SlovanskÃÆ'½ PodporujÃÆ'cÃÆ' Spolek (CSPS) or Czech-Slovak Community Protection as a group of virtues/brotherhood insurance (CSPS) When the first hall was burnt, the second was built in 1887 with the third story added in 1917. CSPS St. Paul Hall is the oldest Czech-Slovak Hall in the United States, as well as the oldest theater and national hall in the State of Minnesota. In 1977 it was declared a National and State Historic Site and placed on the National Register of Historic Places as Building # 77000763. The 1923 Payne Avenue State Bank caters to Scandinavian, German, Italian and other European residents living in the East Side neighborhood. World War I brought a wave of violent anti-German sentiment to the city. The Saint Paul Public Schools stopped teaching German (which is the standard tariff), the Christian Christians of Germany were harassed by the Minnesota National Guard, the 18-foot (German) "Germania" statue was removed from the German Life Insurance Company. building, sauerkraut temporarily renamed "Liberty Cabbage," and a hamburger dubbed Salisbury Steak.
World War II brought a labor shortage and new opportunities for African Americans in the city. The Twin City Ordnance Plant near New Brighton employs as many as 20% of black adults in the area. After the war, G.I. Bill provides an unprecedented education and professional training for blacks in the city. Tragically, Rondo Street, so the hearts of the African American middle class in the city were destroyed, when the neighborhood was destroyed to pave the way for Interstate 94. According to Roy Wilkins, Rondo Street is one of the city's best locations, with trees Striped streets and music are abundant , comes from Victrolas pianos, saxophone, and players. Like many cities in the US, Saint Paul experienced a riot in 1968 after the assassination of Martin Luther King. The unrest began with despair and protest against the Vietnam War. The result is state laws and private sector programs designed to combat racism.
Recent history
The West Side continues to be home to third and fourth generation Mexican immigrants, as well as the first-century Mexican immigrants of the 21st century. The Neighborhood House continues to serve the needs of the inhabitants of the lower West Side. Because the key and dam systems in the Upper Mississippi River were completed in the 1950s, flooding on the West Side plains has become scarce, and quality housing for low- and middle-income families has been built there. Much of the activity is now directed to preserve the Mexican tradition, with programs to celebrate the music, ballet, and history of Mexican immigrants in Saint Paul. The West Side is busy every year to celebrate Cinco de Mayo , El Grito , and DÃÆ'a de la Independencia .
In 2004, nearly 10% of the city's population was recently Hmong immigrants from Vietnam, Laos, Thailand and Myanmar. US involvement in the war in Vietnam created millions of refugees from Southeast Asia. Many are helping the opposition forces; others are displaced as regimes change. With the extraordinary encouragement of Walter Mondale, Saint Paul and Minneapolis received a large number of these new immigrants between 1976 and now, when they found their way to Minnesota. Like every ethnic group in the history of Saint Paul, recent immigrants speak their native language, living in a somewhat separate community, and start off with some monetary assets.
The city continues to be a financial center with headquarters for The Travelers Companies. Many large buildings in Lowertown, such as the Trade and Finch Building, Vanslyck, and the McConville Dry Goods Company Building are condominiums and residential apartments.
The Xcel Saint Paul Center was chosen to host the Republican National Convention in 2008. For the first week of September, the city is filled with delegates, protesters, lobbyists and law enforcement agencies.
See also
- The History of Minnesota
- The history of Minneapolis
- List of Registered Historic Sites in Ramsey County, Minnesota
References
External links
- Minnesota Historical Society
- Ramsey County Historical Society
- Pig's Eye Notepad
- St. Paul, Minnesota "History in Pictures"
- Fort Road Federation
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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