Hurricane Ivan is a large and long-lived Cape Verde storm that causes widespread damage in the Caribbean and the United States. The storm was the so-called ninth storm, the sixth storm and the fourth major storm of the active 2004 Atlantic hurricane season. Ivan formed in early September, and achieved the power of Category 5 on the Saffir-Simpson Storm Scale.
Ivan caused catastrophic damage to Grenada as a powerful Category 3 hurricane, heavy damage to Jamaica as a powerful Category 4 hurricane and then Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands and western tip of Cuba as Category 5 hurricane. After reaching a peak, the hurricane was moving north- northwest across the Gulf of Mexico to attack Pensacola/Milton, Florida and Alabama as a powerful Category 3 hurricane, which caused significant damage. Ivan rained heavily in the Southeastern United States as it flourished northeast and east through the eastern United States, into an extratropical cyclone. The low left of the storm moved into the western subtropical Atlantic and regenerated into a tropical cyclone, which then moved across Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to Louisiana and Texas, causing minimal damage. Ivan caused about 26.1 billion (2004 USD) along its tracks, of which 20.5 billion occurred in the United States.
Video Hurricane Ivan
Riwayat meteorologi
On September 2, 2004, the Nine Tropical Depression was formed from a large tropical wave in the southwest Cape Verde. As the system moves west, the system is gradually strengthened, becoming Tropical Storm Ivan on September 3 and reaching a storm force on Sept. 5, 1150 miles (1,850 km) east of Tobago. Later that day, the storm increased rapidly, and at 5 pm EDT (2100 UTC), Ivan became a Category 3 cyclone with a wind speed of 125 miles per hour (200 km/h). The National Hurricane Center said that Ivan's rapid strengthening on September 5 was unprecedented in the lowlands as in the Atlantic basin.
As it moves east, Ivan weakens slightly due to wind shear in the area. The storm passed through Grenada on September 7, hitting some of the Windward Islands. Upon entering the Caribbean Sea, Ivan reintensified quickly and became a category 5 storm north of the Dutch Wind Antilles (CuraÃÆ'§ao and Bonaire) and Aruba on Sept. 9 with wind speeds reaching 160 mph (260 km/h). Ivan weakened slightly as it moved west-northwest towards Jamaica. When Ivan approached the island on September 10, he began a jog to the west that kept the eyes and the strongest winds in the south and west. However, due to its proximity to the Jamaican coast, the island was battered with a storm-force wind for hours on end.
After passing through Cuba, Ivan restarted a more northerly path and regained the power of Category 5. Ivan's strength continued to fluctuate as it moved west on Sept. 11, and the storm hit a 163 mph (262 km/h) high wind as it flew within 30 miles (50 km) of Grand Cayman. Ivan reached its peak power with a minimum central pressure of 910 millibars (27 inHg) on ​​12 September. Ivan passed the YucatÃÆ'¡n Channel on September 13, while his eyewall affected the westernmost tip of Cuba. After going through the Gulf of Mexico, it slightly weakened into Category 4 strength, which was maintained as it approached the Gulf Coast of the United States.
Just before landing in the United States, Ivan's spies weakened considerably, and the southwest almost disappeared. At about 2 am CDT 16 September (0700 UTC), Ivan made landfall on the US mainland in Gulf Shores, Alabama as a Category 3 hurricane with 120 mph winds (190 km/h); some storm information sources put winds from Hurricane Ivan near 130 mph (210 m/h) during landing in Alabama and northwest Florida. Ivan then went into the interior, maintaining the strength of a hurricane up in central Alabama. Ivan weakened quickly that night and became a tropical depression on the same day, still above Alabama. Ivan lost his tropical character on September 18 while crossing Virginia. Later that day, the remaining remnants drifted from the central Atlantic coast of the US to the Atlantic Ocean, and low-pressure disturbances continue to shed rain into the United States.
On September 20, the rest of the remaining surface of Ivan completed the anticlonic circle and moved across the Florida peninsula. As it continues west across the northern Gulf of Mexico, the system is reorganized and re-takes on tropical characteristics. On September 22, the National Weather Service, "after in-house discussions sufficient and sometimes animated [on] Ivan's death," decided that the low was actually the result of the remnants of Ivan and hence was named so. On the night of September 23, the lively Ivan made landfall near Cameron, Louisiana as a tropical depression. Ivan finally disappeared on 24 September when moving to Texas.
Recordings
Ivan set 18 new records for intensity at low latitude. When Ivan first became a Category 3 hurricane on September 3 (1800 UTC), he centered near 10.2 degrees north of the equator. This is the southernmost recorded location as a major storm in the Atlantic basin. Just six hours later, Ivan also became the southernmost 4th category storm recorded in the Atlantic basin when it reached that intensity when it was at 10.6 degrees north. Finally, at midnight (UTC) on September 9 while centering at 13.7 degrees north, Ivan became the southernmost 5th category storm recorded in the Atlantic basin. The final record will not be surpassed until Hurricane Matthew in 2016, which reaches Category 5 intensity at 13.4 degrees north.
Ivan has held the world record of 33 (with 32 consecutive) six-hour intensity periods at or above the power of category 4. The record was broken two years later by Pacific Hurricane/Typhoon Ioke, which has 36 (33) consecutive six- contributing to the power of Category 4. This contributes to the total accumulation of Ivan (Cyclone) energy of 70.38. The tornado outbreak associated with Ivan produces 127 tornadoes, more than any other tropical storm worldwide.
Scientists from the Naval Research Laboratory at Stennis Space Center, Mississippi have used computer models to predict that, at the peak of the storm, the maximum wave height in Ivan's spy reaches 131 feet (40 m).
Maps Hurricane Ivan
Preparation
Caribbean
On September 5, a cyclone is posted for Barbados. The next day, a tropical storm clock was issued for Grenada. Later that day, storm watches were also applied to Saint Lucia, and Martinique. Tropical cyclone warnings issued to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Tobago and Grenada. At 1500 UTC on September 6, storm watches and tropical storm watches and warnings were upgraded to a storm warning and extended to: Barbados, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Lucia, Tobago, Grenada. Simultaneously, a tropical storm warning was issued for Trinidad. On September 7, cyclone warnings that apply to some countries are downgraded to a tropical storm warning. In September, all tropical storm watches and warnings and storms were stopped in the eastern part of the Windward Islands.
As Ivan went westward, a storm watch was issued for the ABC islands on 8 September. Many schools and businesses are closed in the Netherlands Antilles, and about 300 people are displaced from their homes in CuraÃÆ'§ao.
In the Caribbean, 500,000 Jamaicans were told to evacuate from coastal areas, but only 5,000 reportedly moved to shelters. 12,000 residents and tourists were evacuated from Isla Mujeres on the YucatÃÆ'¡n Peninsula.
United States
In Louisiana, mandatory evacuation of vulnerable areas in Jefferson, Lafourche, Plaquemines, St. Charles, St. James, St. John the Baptist, and Tangipahoa parish took place, with voluntary evacuations being ordered in six other parishes. More than a third of the Greater New Orleans population were evacuated voluntarily, including over half the population of New Orleans itself. At the peak of the evacuation, intense traffic congestion on local highways caused delays of up to 12 hours. About a thousand special needs patients were housed in the Louisiana Superdome during a storm. Ivan is considered a special threat to the New Orleans region because of the danger of devastating floods. However, Plaquemines and St. Bernard Parishes suffered a moderate amount of wind damage. Hurricane preparedness for New Orleans is bad. At one point, the media sparked fears of an "Atlantis" disaster if the storm made a direct attack on the city. This fear is not realized, because the path of the storm changes further east.
In Mississippi, evacuation of mobile homes and vulnerable areas occurred in Hancock, Jackson, and Harrison. In Alabama, evacuations in the Mobile and Baldwin area of ​​southern Interstate 10 counties were ordered, including a third of the territory incorporated City of Mobile, as well as some suburbs. In Florida, the full Florida Keys evacuation began at 7:00 am EDT September 10 but was lifted at 5:00 am EDT September 13 as Ivan traced further west than expected. Voluntary evacuations were announced in ten districts along the Florida Panhandle, with a strong emphasis in the western states of Escambia, Santa Rosa and Okaloosa. Ivan requested the evacuation of 270 animals at the Alabama Gulf Coast Zoo in Gulf Shores, Alabama. The evacuation must be completed within a few hours, with only 28 volunteers available to move the animals.
Impact
Ivan killed 64 people in the Caribbean - mainly in Grenada and Jamaica - three in Venezuela, and 25 in the United States, including fourteen in Florida. Thirty-two deaths in the United States are indirectly attributed to Ivan. While crossing the eastern United States, Ivan gave birth to 120 tornadoes, attacking communities along the concentric arc on the edge of the storm. In Florida, Blountstown, Marianna, and Panama City Beach suffered the three most powerful tornadoes. A Panama City Beach news station was almost hit by a F2 tornado during a storm. Ivan also caused more than US $ 20.5 billion (2004 USD) in damages in the United States and US $ 3 billion in the Caribbean (2004 USD).
Southeast Caribbean and Venezuela
Ivan passed Grenada directly on 7 September 2004, killing 39 people. The capital, St. George's, was badly damaged and several famous buildings were destroyed, including the residence of the prime minister. Ivan also caused severe damage to the local prison, allowing most of the inmates to flee. The island, in the words of a Caribbean disaster official, suffered "total destruction." According to a Grenadian lawmaker, at least 85% of the small islands are destroyed. Extensive looting reported. Overall, the damage on the island reached US $ 815 million (2004, USD, $ 1.06 billion 2018 USD).
Elsewhere in the Caribbean, a pregnant woman was killed in Tobago when a tree fell on her home, and a 75-year-old Canadian woman drowned in Barbados. Three deaths were reported in Venezuela. More than five hundred homes in Barbados and about 60 homes in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines were damaged or destroyed.
Jamaica
On 11 - 12 September, Ivan's center passes near Jamaica, causing significant wind and flood damage. In all, 17 people were killed in Jamaica and 18,000 were displaced by floods and high winds. Most of the major resorts and hotels have fared well, though, and reopened just days after Ivan passed. Damage in Jamaica reached US $ 360 million (2004, USD, $ 466 million USD 2018).
Cayman Islands
In the Cayman Islands, Governor Bruce Dinwiddy described the damage as "very, very severe and widespread." Despite the strict building regulations that made the buildings on the island able to withstand even large storms, the wind and windwaves of Ivan were so strong that a quarter or more of the buildings on the islands were reportedly uninhabitable, with 85% damaged to some extent.. Many Grand Cayman still remain without electricity, water, or sewer service for several months later. After five months, almost half the pre-Ivan hotel rooms could be used. Only one person was killed on the islands, although initially many suspected deaths because of the many graves that were washed away during the storm. Damage across the region is a disaster, with losses of US $ 2.86 billion or 183 percent of gross domestic product. Letter from the Cayman Islands Government Office in Britain, October 8, 2004 by McKeeva Bush, Government Business Leader details the intensity, extent of damage, and recovery process over the following months.
Elsewhere in the Caribbean
There are four deaths in the Dominican Republic. The Caribbean Development Bank in the region estimates Ivan caused damage of more than US $ 3 billion (2004, USD 3.89 billion USD188) in island countries, mostly in the Cayman Islands, Grenada, and Jamaica. Minor damage, including some coastal erosion, is reported on the ABC archipelago.
Although Ivan did not make landfall in Cuba land, storm surges caused local floods in Santiago de Cuba and Granma, in the southern part of the island. In Cienfuegos, the storm produces a wave of 15 feet (4.6 m), and Pinar del RÃÆ'o recorded 13.3 inches (340 mm) of rainfall. Although there are no casualties on the island, the Cuban government estimates that about US $ 1.2 billion (2004 USD, $ 1.55 billion 2018 USD) property damage is directly caused by Ivan.
United States
Along with 14 deaths in Florida, Ivan was blamed for eight deaths in North Carolina, two in Georgia, and one in Mississippi. An additional 32 deaths were reported as indirectly caused by the storm.
While passing the Gulf of Mexico off Louisiana coast, Ivan caused the destruction of Taylor Canyon 20-A Taylor production platform, 550 feet above 28 producing oil and gas wells drilled in 479 feet deep water. The waves, estimated at 71 feet, caused extraordinary pressure below the surface, causing an avalanche that destroyed the platform. Hundreds of gallons of oil per day still leak onto the Gulf surface ten years later in 2014, and continue to emerge to date [1].
Ivan caused about US $ 20.5 billion (2004 USD) in damages in the United States alone, making it the second most expensive storm recorded at the time, behind only Hurricane Andrew in 1992.
Florida
When Ivan landed on the US coastline in Florida, there was considerable damage as observed in Pensacola, Gulf Breeze, Navarre Beach, and Pensacola Beach, a place deep inland, 20 miles (32 km) from the Gulf coast, the shores of Escambia Bay, the East Bay, Blackwater Bay, and River Valley in Escambia County and Santa Rosa County, and Fort Walton Beach, Florida on the east side of the storm. The area west of Pensacola, including the Warrington community (which includes Pensacola NAS), Perdido Key, and Innerarity Point, bear the brunt of the storm. Some of the subdivisions in the county were completely destroyed, with some of the main roads in the Perdido area only opened in late 2005, more than a year after the storm struck. Broken windows of blasts and flying projectiles experienced during the night of a storm are common. In December 2007, the road remained closed at Pensacola Beach due to damage from the wave of Hurricane Ivan.
In Pensacola, the Interstate 10 Escambia Bay Bridge is heavily damaged, with a quarter mile (400 m) bridge collapsing into the bay. The causeway carrying the US Highway 90 across the north of the same bay was also heavily damaged. Almost all of Perdido Key, an area on the outskirts of Pensacola that bears the load of Ivan's wind and rain, is basically flattened. The high waves and winds bring widespread damage to the Innerarity Point.
On September 26, 2006, more than two years after Ivan hit the area, funding for the final trailer provided by FEMA 501 was exhausted for those living in Santa Rosa and the Escambia area.
Alabama
Demopolis city, more than 100 miles (160 km) inland in the middle-west of Alabama, holds winds estimated at 90 mph (140 km/h), while Montgomery sees winds in 60 to 70 mph (97 to 113 km/h ). h) revolves around the peak of the storm.
The heaviest damage when Ivan landed on the US coastline was observed in Baldwin County in Alabama, where the eye of the storm (and spy) made landfall. The high waves and winds carry massive damage to Orange Beach near the border with Florida. There, two five-storey condominium buildings were damaged to the point of collapse by a storm surge of Ivan from 14 feet (4.3 m). Both are made of steel reinforced concrete. Debris gathered in the pile along storm surges, exacerbating damage when floods hit houses that rested on poles. Brewton, a community about 50 miles (80 km) inland, also suffered severe damage.
In addition to damage to the southern part of the country, there is extensive damage to the country's power grid. At the peak of the blackout, Alabama Power reported 489,000 customers had lost power - about half of its customer base.
Elsewhere in the United States
Further into the interior, Ivan caused a massive flood, carrying the Chattahoochee River near Atlanta and many other rivers and flowing to levels at or near a 100-year-old record. The Delaware River and its turtle crested just below the all-time record set by Hurricane Diane in 1955. Locations in southern New Hampshire and Massachusetts received more than 7 inches of rainfall from Ivan's remains, causing floods and landslides. In Connecticut, strong winds move quickly and unexpectedly, and a rower is killed when his trimaran overturns in a 50-knot wind on Long Island Sound.
To the west of North Carolina, many rivers and streams reach far above the flood stage in areas that were heavily damaged only a week and a half earlier from the remains of Hurricane Frances, causing many roads to close. Strong winds contribute to widespread power outages across the mountainous terrain. The Blue Ridge Parkway and Interstate 40 through the Pigeon River gorge in Haywood County, North Carolina suffered major damage, and common landslides in the mountains. There is massive flooding along the French River and the Swannanoa River in Asheville, North Carolina, and along the Pigeon River near Canton, North Carolina. As a result of the rain, the main debris flow of mud, rocks, trees, and water surged down Peek's Creek, near Franklin, North Carolina, sweeping 15 homes and killing five people.
The system also spawned deadly tornadoes in northern Maryland and destroyed seven oil platforms in the Gulf of Mexico while in the ocean. While crossing the Mid-Atlantic countries, the remnants of Ivan gave birth to 117 tornadoes throughout the eastern United States, with 40 tornadoes popping up in Virginia on September 17, setting a daily record for the commonwealth. Ivan then moved to the areas of Wheeling, West Virginia, and Pittsburgh, causing massive floods and strong winds. Pittsburgh International Airport recorded the highest 24-hour rainfall for Pittsburgh, recording 5.95 inches (151 mm) of rain. The rain of Ivan caused widespread flooding. The Junata River valley is flooded, and the Frankstown Branch reaches the highest level ever. After Ivan regeneration in the Gulf of Mexico, it caused further heavy rains of up to 8 inches (200 mm) in the Louisiana and Texas areas.
Canada
On the morning of September 21st, Ivan's intermediate circulation remained combined with the frontal system. It produced a moisture vapor above the Maritimes Canada for four days, resulting in heavy rain of 6.2 inches (160 mm) in Gander, Newfoundland. Strong winds up to 89 mph (143 km/h) felled trees and caused power outages in Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island and eastern Nova Scotia. This system produces intense waves up to 50 feet (15 m) near Tanjung Bonavista. The system killed two people when he dropped a fishing boat and was indirectly responsible for four traffic fatalities in Newfoundland.
Aftermath
Grenada
Grenada suffered serious economic repercussions after the devastation caused by Ivan. Before Ivan, the Grenada economy was projected to grow 4.7%, but the island's economy was contracted by almost 3% in 2004. The economy is also projected to grow by at least 5% by 2007, but, by 2005, estimates have been reduced to less than 1%. The government of Grenada also acknowledged that the government's debt, 130% of the island's GDP, was "unsustainable" in October 2004 and appointed a group of professional debt advisers in January 2005 to help find a cooperative restructuring deal with creditors.
More than US $ 150 million was sent to Grenada in 2004 to help reconstruction following Ivan, but the economic situation remains fragile. The International Monetary Fund reported that "quite difficult as the current fiscal situation is, unfortunately very easy to imagine the circumstances that will make it even better." In addition, "shortfalls in donor funding and tax revenues, or events such as a further rise in global oil prices, pose major risks."
Jamaica
Two days after Ivan's passing, USAID's hurricane-relief program distributed emergency aid to families displaced by the storm. During phase one of the recovery program, the community restored three tourist sites, opened agricultural land, and completed disaster mitigation. In addition, the US Peace Corps completed thirty small projects in rural communities and low-income neighborhoods. 66 health clinics, 25 schools, and 62 water and sanitation systems were repaired during the first phase of recovery. Around 1,379 farmers, pastoralists and micro businesses become eligible for grants. In 2005, 55 schools and colleges were repaired, while restoration of 1,560 houses had taken place.
United States
On September 27, 2004, US President George W. Bush submitted a budget to the US Congress requesting more than $ 7 billion (2004 USD) in aid to victims of Hurricane Ivan and Jeanne in the following countries: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. More than half of the $ 7 billion (2004 USD) is to cover uninsured damage to property and public infrastructure. $ 889 million was spent on repairing Department of Defense facilities. Approximately $ 600 million is allocated for emergency repairs to roads and roads damaged by Hurricanes Charley, Frances, Ivan and Jeanne. The Small Business Administration (SBA) uses $ 472 million to lend to small businesses and storm-affected homeowners. Approximately $ 400 million was provided by the US Department of Agriculture to provide financial aid to agricultural producers who suffered harvest and other losses. Approximately $ 132 million (2004 USD) is used to repair Federal facilities by several government agencies, including: the US Coast Guard, the Federal Bureau of Prisons, the US Forest Service, and the Federal Aviation Administration. The United States Army Engineer Corps uses $ 81 million (2004 USD) for Ivan coastal recovery. In addition, $ 50 million (2004 USD) includes funds for disaster relief and famine, Grenada, Jamaica and Haiti.
After a storm in Alabama, more than 167,700 people applied for aid in 65 countries in the state. more than 51 counties in the state are eligible for public assistance. As a result, the Federal Emergency Management Agency of the Department of Homeland Security (FEMA) and the Alabama Emergency Management Agency (AEMA) received $ 735 million (2004 USD), spent on disaster relief, and included: low-interest loans for home and business owners, coupons disaster food, Unemployment Assistance for those unemployed as a result of Ivan, "Rebound Project", and to fill 5,856 claims of the National Flood Insurance Program. In addition, there are improvements in public infrastructure such as roads, bridges, buildings, utilities, facilities, and parks. 20 Disaster Recovery Centers are opened in 13 districts, which also include the Indian Poarch Creek Reservation. Overall, FEMA pays 90% of $ 735 million (2004 USD), while AEMA is paid for another 10%.
Ivan is suspected of carrying soybean rust spores from Venezuela to the United States, the first ever soybean crust found in North America. Since Florida soybean crops have been heavily harvested, economic damage is limited. Some of the most severe outbreaks in South America have been known to reduce soybean yield by half or more. After the storm, more than 138,500 residents in 15 counties in the Florida Panhandle applied for federal and state aid. In these countries, a total of $ 162.6 million has been approved by the FEMA Individual and Household Program. In addition, residents of 24 other districts in Florida are eligible for grants and loans. In September 2005, over $ 1.4 billion (2004 USD) in federal and state aid was approved for residents and communities in the Florida Panhandle. In addition, the National Flood Insurance Program paid almost $ 869 million (2004 USD) for more than 9,800 insurance claims after Ivan.
More than $ 4 million (2004 USD) in disaster relief has been approved for Mississippi by FEMA and Mississippi Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). In addition, the SBA issued nearly 3,000 applications for low-interest loans to homeowners, tenants, landlords, businesses, and nonprofit organizations. This loan covers up to $ 200,000 in repairs/replacement of real goods and up to $ 40,000 in repair/replacement of private property.
Residents and business owners in eight parishes in Louisiana are eligible for disaster relief. Until one week before the November 15, 2004 deadline, approximately 9,527 people applied for disaster relief. Overall, FEMA and the Government of Louisiana provide more than $ 3.8 million (2004 USD) to those seeking help. In addition, the SBA also allows applications for loans to fix personal property until that day.
Retirement
This storm marks a third chance the name "Ivan" has been used to name the tropical cyclone in the Atlantic, as well as the fifth occurrence of six events worldwide. Due to the severe damage and number of deaths in the Caribbean and the United States, the name Ivan retired in the spring of 2005 by the World Meteorological Organization and will never again be used in the Atlantic basin. It was replaced by Igor for the 2010 season.
Hydrological record
Ivan broke some hydrological records; it is credited with possibly the largest ever recorded ocean waves, a 91-foot (28-meter) wave that may be as high as 131Ã, ft (40 m), and the current fastest ocean current, at 2.25 m/s (5 mph).
See also
- Hurricane Ivan tornado plague
- Category List 5 Atlantic storm
- List of Florida storms (2000-present)
- List of hurricanes North Carolina (1980-present)
- List of names of retired Atlantic hurricanes
- List of wet tropical cyclones in the United States
- Timeline for 2004 Atlantic hurricane season
Note
References
External links
- Tropical Cyclone Report NHC for Hurricane Ivan
- The NHC advisory archive for Hurricane Ivan
- HPC Rainfall Page for Ivan
- Thanks for Pageviews, Ivan
- Ivan May Just Be a Messenger
- "Waves penetrate Navarre Pier Hard During Hurricane Ivan Approach" as found in Florida State Library and Archives
- Hurricane Ivan (YouTube)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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