Soil Night is a euphemism for human feces collected from septic tanks, privies, pail cabinets, latrines, secret prey, septic tanks, etc. It was removed from the nearest area, usually at night, by workers employed in this trade. Sometimes it can be transported out of town and sold as fertilizer.
Another definition is "untreated excreta transported without water (eg through containers or buckets)". The term "night of the night" is largely an ancient word, used in a historical context. The modern term is "fecal sludge"; Stool mud management is a sustainable challenge, especially in developing countries.
The night soil is produced as a result of sanitation systems in areas without a sewer system or septic tanks. In this waste management system, human waste is collected without dilution with water.
Video Night soil
Collection and disposal
The stools are excreted into containers such as pots, and sometimes collected in containers with urine and other wastes ("slops", then thrown out). Dirt in a bucket is often covered with soil (soil), which may have contributed to the term "night soil". Often deposition or excretion takes place inside the house, like in a shop. This system may still be used in remote rural areas or in urban slums in developing countries. Materials are collected for temporary storage and disposed of depending on local custom.
Disposal varies from time to time. In urban areas, night soil collectors arrive on a regular basis, at various time periods depending on the supply and demand for land collection at night. Usually this happens at night, giving the night ground his name.
In remote rural areas such as in the fields, households usually dump the land of the night itself.
Maps Night soil
Use in agriculture
Human excreta may be attractive as fertilizer due to the high demand for fertilizer and the relative availability of materials to create the night soil. In areas where soil quality is poor, local people may consider the risk of using the night soil.
The use of untreated manure as fertilizer is a risky practice because it contains pathogenic causes of the disease. However, in some developing countries this is still widespread. Common parasitic worm infections, such as ascariasis, in these countries are linked to night farm use in agriculture, since worm eggs are in the stool and can thus be transmitted from one infected person to another (transmission of fecal-oral disease).
This risk is mitigated by proper management of sludge, eg. through composting. Safe reduction of human excreta into compost is possible. Some municipalities make compost from sewage sludge, but then recommend that it be used only in flower beds instead of vegetable gardens. Some claims have been made that this is dangerous or inappropriate without the removal of expensive heavy metals.
History
Ancient Attica
The use of waste as a common fertilizer in ancient Attica. The ancient waste disposal system of Athens collected city waste in a large reservoir and then channeled it into the Cephissus river valley for use as a fertilizer.
Chinese China, Hong Kong, and Singapore
The term is known, or even famous, among generations born in parts of China or Chinatown (depending on infrastructure developments) before 1960. Chinatown Post-World War II, Singapore, before Singapore's independence, took advantage of night-land collection as the primary means of waste disposal, especially as many of the infrastructure was damaged and took a long time to rebuild after the Battle of Singapore and the Japanese Occupation in Singapore. Following the economic development and standard of living after independence, Singapore's nightland system is now only a strange anecdote of colonial rule when a new system is developed.
Collecting methods are generally very manual and highly dependent on close human contact with waste. During the Nationalist era when the Kuomintang took control of mainland China, as well as Singapore Chinatowns, night soil collectors usually arrived with reserves and relatively empty buckets of honey to be exchanged for a complete honey bucket. The method of transporting honey buckets from individual households to collecting centers is very similar to sending water supplies by unskilled laborers, with the exception that the transported goods are completely non-drinkable and shipped from households, rather than to household. The collector will hang a complete honey bucket to each end of the pole that he carries on his shoulder and then take him down the path until he reaches the collection point.
Hong Kong has a similar euphemism for night gathering, ??? dÃÆ' oyÃÆ'¨xi? Ng , which literally means "emptying the nocturnal scent".
Japanese
Reuse of dirt as a common fertilizer in Japan. In the city of Edo, compost merchants collect stools for sale to farmers. That's a nice extra income for apartment owners. Rich man ecclesa are sold at a higher price because their diet is better; perhaps, more nutrients are left in their droppings. Historical documents dating from the 9th century detail the procedure for the disposal of toilet waste.
Selling human waste products as fertilizers became less common after World War II, both for sanitation reasons and because of the proliferation of chemical fertilizers, and less than 1% was used for soil fertilization at night. The presence of US occupation forces, with whom the use of human waste as fertilizer is seen as unhygienic and suspicious, is also a contributing factor: "Occupationaires condemn this practice, and try to prevent their peers from eating vegetables and fruits from the local market".
Mexico and Central America
Mesoamerican civilizations use human waste to fertilize their crops. The Aztecs, in particular, are famous for their famous chinampa, an artificial island made of mud and manure used for growing crops that can be harvested up to 7 times a year. Current research has placed the origins of chinampa in a town of Culhuacan in the Aztecs in 1100 C. E. They were constructed with the first fence area between 30 mx 2.5 m and 91 m x 9 m, using wattle. Then filled with mud, sediment, feces and rotting vegetation. To stabilize chinampa, trees are often planted in corners, especially ? Huex? Tl ( Salix bonplandiana ) or ? Hu? Hu? Tl ( Taxodium mucronatum ). Chinampas was very common before the Spanish conquest and is still found in Mexico today.
United Kingdom
Gong Farmers is a term used in the British Tudor for people employed to remove human waste from privies and cesspits. Farmers Gong is only allowed to work at night and the waste they collect must be taken outside the city or city limits.
The rapid industrialization of Britain during the nineteenth century led to mass urbanization, population density, and epidemics. One response was the development of the "Rochdale system", in which the city council arranged the collection of night soil from the latrines attached to each residence or group of residences (see pail cabinet). A later response was the passage of the Public Health Act of 1875, which led to the creation of byelaws concerning housing, requiring one latrine per house. It's still "earth cupboard" (not a water closet for example WC) and still depends on "nightclub man" or "nightmen".
Current example
India
The person responsible for nightly dumping is considered untouchable in India. The practice of infinite is prohibited by law when India gains independence, but tradition is widely held up because the law is difficult to uphold. This "manual scavenger" is now illegal in all Indian states.
The United Nations Ministry for Justice and Social Empowerment stated in 2003 that 676,000 people work in manual collection of human waste in India. Social organizations estimate that up to 1.3 million Indians collect the waste. Furthermore, workers in the collection of human waste are confined to marriage among themselves, leading to a garbage collection collection, which continues its profession from generation to generation.
The work of the Scavenger Manual and the Creation of the 1993 Dry Latrines Act (Prohibition) has made illegal manual leaching.
Japanese
Modern Japan still has an area with the collection and disposal of a night of sustainable land. The Japanese name for the "decrepit house" style toilet, where the night soil is collected for disposal, is benjo cumitori (??????). Proper waste disposal or recycling remains a very important political research field.
See also
- Pail closet
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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