Omaha ( OH -m? -hah ) is the largest city in the state Nebraska and the county seat in Douglas County. Omaha is located in Midwestern United States on the Missouri River, about 10 miles (15 km) north of the mouth of the Platte River. Omaha is an anchor of the Omaha-Council Bluffs metropolitan area, which includes Council Bluffs, Iowa, across the Missouri River from Omaha. According to the 2010 census, Omaha's population is 408,958, after rising to 466,893 per 2017 estimate. This makes Omaha the 40th largest city in the country. Including the outskirts, Omaha forms the 60th largest metropolitan area in the United States by 2013, with an estimated population of 895,151 residing in eight districts. Omaha-Council Bluffs-Fremont, the Joint Statistics Region of Nebraska-IA is 931,667, according to the US Census Bureau of 2013 estimate. Nearly 1.3 million people live in the Greater Omaha region, consisting of a 50 mile (80 km) radius of Downtown Omaha, downtown.
The Omaha pioneer period began in 1854, when the city was founded by speculators from Council Bluffs, Iowa. The city was erected along the Missouri River, and an intersection called Lone Tree Ferry earned this town its nickname, "Gateway to the West". Omaha introduced the new West to the world in 1898, when he hosted the World Exhibition, dubbed the Trans-Mississippi Exhibition. During the 19th century, the central location of Omaha in the United States encouraged the city to become an important national transportation hub. Throughout the rest of the 19th century, the transport and work sectors became important in the city, along with trains and factories. In the 20th century, Omaha Stockyards, once the world's largest, and its meat packing factory gained an international edge.
Today, Omaha is home to the headquarters of four Fortune 500 companies: the Berkshire Hathaway mega-conglomerate; one of the largest construction companies in the world, Kiewit Corporation; insurance and financial company Mutual of Omaha; and the largest rail operator in the United States, Union Pacific Corporation. Berkshire Hathaway is headed by local investor Warren Buffett, one of the richest men in the world, ranked by Forbes Magazine for a decade, some of which have ranked as high as No. 1. 1. Omaha is also home to five Fortune 1000 headquarters: Green Plains Renewable Energy, TD Ameritrade, Valmont Industries, Werner Enterprises, and West Corporation. Also headquartered in Omaha is First National Bank of Omaha, the largest private bank in the United States; three of the top 10 architectural/engineering firms in the country: DLR Group, HDR, Inc., and Leo A Daly; Gallup Organization, Gallup Poll fame; and Gallup University by the river. Enron started in Omaha as Northern Natural Gas in 1930, before taking over a smaller Houston company in 1985 to form InterNorth, which Kenneth Lay moved permanently to Houston in 1987. First Data, another Fortune 500 company, was established in Omaha in 1971 and was headquartered there until the late '90s. ConAgra Brands, another Fortune 500 company, is based in Omaha until 2014. Both First Data and ConAgra Brands still have a significant presence in Omaha.
Omaha's modern economy is diverse and built on the work of skilled knowledge. In 2009,
The renowned creation of modern Omaha includes: bobby pins and "pink hair curlers", in Omaha's Tip Top; Butter Brickle Ice Cream and Reuben bread, conceived by a chef at the Blackstone Hotel on 36th and Farnam Streets; a cake mix, developed by Duncan Hines, then the division of Nebraska Consolidated Mills in Omaha, a pioneer for ConAgra Foods today; pivot-center irrigation by the Omaha company now known as Valmont Corporation; Raisin Bran, developed by Omaha's Skinner Macaroni Co.; ski lift, in 1936, by Union Pacific Corp of Omaha; the "Top 40" radio format, pioneered by Todd Storz, a scion from Omaha's Storz Brewing Co., and head of Storz Broadcasting, the first in the US to use the "Top 40" format on Radio KOWH Omaha; and a dinner show on TV, developed by Omaha's Swanson Co. Omaha is also the birthplace of Gerald Ford, the 38th President of the United States.
Video Omaha, Nebraska
History
Native American tribes have lived on the land that became Omaha, including since the 17th century, Omaha and Ponca, Duan-Siouan languages ​​from the lower Ohio River valley and migrated westward in the early seventeenth century; Pawnee, Otoe, Missouri, and Ioway. The word Omaha (actually Umo? Ho? or Uma? Ha? ) means "Occupant on the cliff".
In 1804, Lewis and Clark Expeditions passed the riverside where the city of Omaha will be built. Between July 30 and August 3, 1804, members of the expedition, including Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, met with Oto and Missouria tribal leaders in Council Bluff at a point about 20 miles (30 km) north of Omaha. Immediately south of the area, Americans built several trading posts of feathers in the following years, including Fort Lisa in 1812; Fort Atkinson in 1819; Post Trade Cabannà ©, built in 1822, and Post Fontenelle in 1823, in what became Bellevue. There was a fierce competition among fur traders until John Jacob Astor created the American Fur Company monopoly. The Mormons built a town called Cutler's Park in the area in 1846. While it was temporary, the settlement was the basis for further development in the future.
Through 26 separate agreements with the federal government of the United States, Native American tribes in Nebraska gradually surrendered land that is currently composed of the state. The treaties and surrender involving the Omaha area occurred in 1854 when the Omaha Tribe surrendered most of Nebraska in the middle east. Logan Fontenelle, an interpreter for Omaha and the signatory of the 1854 agreement, played an important role in the process.
Pioneer Omaha
Before it was legitimate to claim land in the State of India, William D. Brown operated the Lone Tree Ferry to bring the settlers from Council Bluffs, Iowa to the area that became Omaha. Brown is generally credited as having the first vision for a city where Omaha now sits. Part of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 was sparked by surveillance of claims around the area to become Omaha by residents of neighboring Council Bluffs. On July 4, 1854, the city was informally founded on a picnic at Capital Hill, now located at Omaha Central High School. Soon after, the Omaha Claim Club was set up to provide vigilante justice for the trap of claims and other people who violated the lands of many of the country's founders. Some of this land, which now wraps around Downtown Omaha, is then used to attract the Nebraska Region legislators to an area called Scriptown. The Territorial Capital is located in Omaha, but when Nebraska became a state in 1867, the capital was moved to Lincoln, 53 miles (85 km) southwest of Omaha. The US Supreme Court then ruled against many landowners whose violent acts were condemned at Baker v. Morton .
Many of Omaha's founding figures live in Douglas House or Cozzens House Hotel. Dodge Street is important in the early commercial history of the city; North 24th Street and South 24th Street developed independently as a business district, as well. Early pioneers are buried at Prospect Hill Cemetery and Cedar Hill Cemetery. Cedar Hill closed in the 1860s and his tomb was moved to Prospect Hill, where the pioneers later joined forces from Fort Omaha, African Americans and early European immigrants. There are several other historic tombs in Omaha, a historical Jewish synagogue and historical Christian churches dating from the pioneer age, as well. The city's pioneering history is celebrated in two sculpture parks, Pioneer Courage and Spirit of Nebraska's Wilderness and The Transcontinental Railroad.
19th century
Omaha's economy exploded and broke down during its early years. Omaha is a stop-off point for settlers and miners heading west, either overland or through the Missouri River. Steamship Bertrand sank north of Omaha on its way to the gold field in 1865. A huge collection of artifacts is on display at the nearby Desoto National Wildlife Refuge. Work and wholesale districts carry new jobs, followed by railroads and livestock. Groundbreaking for the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1863, provided a rapid development for the city. The Union Pacific Railroad was authorized by the US Congress to begin building the western railroad in 1862; in January 1866, its construction started from Omaha.
Equally important, Union Stockyards was founded in 1883. In the twenty years since the establishment of the Union Stockyards in South Omaha, four of the five major meat packing companies in the United States were in Omaha. In the 1950s, half of the city's workforce was employed in packing and processing meat. Meat packing, work and trains are responsible for much of the growth in the city from the late 19th century to the early decades of the 20th century.
Immigrants soon created ethnic enclaves throughout the city, including Ireland at Sheelytown in South Omaha; The Germans on the Near North Side, followed by European Jews and black migrants from the South; Little Italy and Little Bohemia in South Omaha. Beginning in the late 19th century, Omaha's upper classes live in luxury areas throughout the city, including southern and northern Gold Coast, Bemis Park, Kountze Place, Field Club, and throughout Midtown Omaha. They explored the vast city park system on boulevards designed by the famous landscape architect, Horace Cleveland. The Omaha Horse Train first transported passengers throughout the city, as did the Omaha Tramway Cable Company and several similar companies. In 1888, Omaha and Council Bluffs Railway and Bridge Company built the Douglas Street Bridge, the first pedestrian and train bridge between Omaha and Council Bluffs. Gambling, drinking and prostitution were widespread in the 19th century, first rampant in the Burnt District of the city and later in the Sports District. Driven by political boss Omaha Tom Dennison in 1890, criminal elements enjoyed the support of Omaha's "eternal mayor", "Cowboy Jim" Dahlman, nicknamed for his eighth term as mayor. Disasters such as the Great Flood of 1881 did not slow the urban violence. In 1882, Camp Dump Strike pitted the state militia against trade union attacks, drawing national attention to the Omaha labor issue. The Nebraska governor must summon US Army troops from nearby Fort Omaha to protect the troublemaker for the Burlington Railroad, carrying Gatling guns and cannons for defense. When the event ended, one person was killed and several people were injured. In 1891, a mob hanged Joe Coe, an African-American porter after he was accused of raping a white girl. There were several other unrest and civil unrest events in Omaha during this period as well.
In 1898, Omaha's leaders, under the guidance of Gurdon Wattles, organized the Trans-Mississippi and International Exhibition, touted as a celebration of agricultural and industrial growth throughout the Midwest. The Indian Congress, which attracts more than 500 American Indians from across the country, is being held simultaneously. Over 2 million visitors attended these events, located in Kountze Park and Omaha Driving Park in the Kountze Place neighborhood.
20th century
With a population that increased dramatically in the 20th century, there was a major riot in Omaha, resulting from fierce competition and labor struggle. In 1900, Omaha was the center of national uproar over the kidnapping of Edward Cudahy, Jr., the son of a local meat packing king.
The city's workers and management were at loggerheads in bitter attacks, racial tensions increased when blacks were employed as problem-solvers, and ethnic strife erupted. The massive unrest by previous immigrants in South Omaha destroyed the city's Greek city in 1909, which completely expelled the Greek population.
The civil rights movement in Omaha has roots that extend back to 1912, when the first chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in the west of the Mississippi River was established in the city.
The Omaha Easter Sunday Tornado of 1913 destroyed many of the city's African-American communities, alongside most of Midtown Omaha.
Six years later, in 1919, the city was caught in the Red Summer riots when thousands of white men marched from South Omaha to the courthouse to kill a black worker, Willy Brown, a suspect in a rape allegation against a white woman. The mobs burned the Douglas Courthouse Building to gain custody, causing more than $ 1,000,000 damage. They hung and shot Will Brown, then set fire to his body. Troops were called from Fort Omaha to quell the riots, prevent more people from gathering in South Omaha, and to protect the black community in North Omaha.
North Omaha culture flourished throughout the 1920s to the 1950s, with several creative figures including Tillie Olsen, Wallace Thurman, Lloyd Hunter and Anna Mae Winburn emerging from the lively Near North Side.
Musicians created their own world in Omaha, and also joined bands and national groups that toured and appeared in the city.
After the tumultuous Depression of the 1930s, Omaha bounced back with the development of Offutt Air Base south of the city. The company Glenn L. Martin operated a factory there in the 1940s that produced 521 B-29 Superfortresses, including the Enola Gay and Bockscar used in the Japanese atomic bombings in World War II.
Interstate Development 80, 480 and 680, along with North Omaha Freeway, spur development. There is also controversy, especially in North Omaha, where some neighborhoods are divided by new routes. Creighton University organized the DePorres Club, an early civil rights group whose seating strategy for the integration of public facilities preceded the national movement, beginning in 1947.
Following the development of the Glenn L. Martin Company bomb factory in Bellevue at the beginning of World War II, relocation of the Strategic Air Command into the suburb of Omaha in 1948 provided a major economic boost to the area.
From the 1950s to the 1960s, more than 40 insurance companies were based in Omaha, including Woodmen of the World and Mutual of Omaha. In the late 1960s, the city competed, but never exceeded, US insurance centers in Hartford, Connecticut, New York City and Boston.
After surpassing Chicago in meat processing in the late 1950s, Omaha suffered a loss of 10,000 jobs because the railroad industry and meat packing were restructured. The city struggled for decades to shift its economy when workers suffered. Poverty is becoming increasingly rooted among families living in North Omaha.
In the 1960s, three major unrest along North 24th Street destroyed the Near North Side economic base, with slow recovery for decades. In 1969, the Woodmen Tower was completed and became the tallest building in Omaha and the first major skyscraper at an altitude of 478 feet (146 m), a sign of renewal.
Since the 1970s, Omaha has continued to expand and flourish, mostly to the land available to the west. West Omaha has become home to the majority of the city's population. The populations of North and South Omaha continue to be the center of new immigrants, with economic and racial diversity. In 1975 a huge tornado, along with a huge snowstorm, caused over $ 100 million in damages in 1975 dollars.
Downtown Omaha has since been rejuvenated in various ways, beginning with the development of Gene Leahy Mall and W. Dale Clark Library in the late 1970s. In the 1980s, Omaha's fruit barn was converted into a shopping area called Old Market.
Jobber's Canyon demolition in 1989 led to the creation of the ConAgra Foods campus. Some of the buildings nearby, including the Nash Block, have been converted into condos. The zoos were lowered; the only buildings that survive are the Livestock Exchange Building, which is converted to multi-use and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
The historic conservation movement in Omaha has led to a number of historic buildings and districts designated as the Omaha Land or listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Much of the drive toward conservation came after Omaha gained a famous title because, in 1989, it destroyed the largest National Registered National district in the United States, a record that still stands in 2013. The Jobbers Canyon Historic District, along the Missouri River, was cut down to build headquarters campus for ConAgra Foods, a company that threatens to move if Omaha does not allow them to tear down the city's historic district. The Previous Jobber warehouse has previously been left to deteriorate and is home to several wildfires by homeless populations who have come to live in abandoned buildings. At that time, there was no plan to revitalize the building.
In the 1980s and 1990s, Omaha also saw company headquarters leave town, including Enron, which was founded in the city in 1930 and brought to Houston in 1987 by now-famous Kenneth Lay. First Data Corporation, a major credit card processor, was also established in Omaha in 1969; in 2009, its headquarters were in Atlanta.
Inacom, founded in Omaha in 1991, is a technology company that customizes computer systems for large businesses, and was listed on the Fortune 500 list from 1997 to 2000, when it filed for bankruptcy. Northwestern Bell, an affiliate of the Bell System for the state of Northwestern, is based in Omaha since its inception in 1896 until it moved to Denver in 1991 as the West. Level 3 Communications, a leading provider of Tier 1 networks, was established in Omaha in 1985 as Kiewit Diversification Group, a division of Kiewit Corporation, a Fortune 500 construction and mining company still based in Omaha; Level 3 moved to Denver in 1998. World Com was founded by a merger with Omaha's MFS Communications, started as Metropolitan Fiber Systems in 1993. MFS, backed by Kiewit Corporation CEO Walter Scott and Warren Buffett, purchased UUNET, one of the backbones of the Internet the world's largest, by $ 2 billion in 1996. The now-famous Bernie Ebbers buys a much larger MFS of $ 14.3 billion in 1997 under his World Com. He moved the combined company headquarters from Omaha to Mississippi.
21st century
Around the beginning of the 21st century, several skyscrapers in the new city center and cultural institutions were built. One First National Center was completed in 2002, surpassing the Woodmen Tower as the tallest building in Omaha as well as in the state at 634 feet (193 m). The creation of the new North Downtown in the city includes the construction of CenturyLink Center and the development of Slowdown/Film Streams on North 14th and Webster Streets. The construction of the new TD Ameritrade Park began in 2009 and completed in 2011, also in the North Downtown area, near CenturyLink Center. TD Ameritrade Park is now home to the World Series of Higher Colleges, an event that tourists visit each year.
New construction has taken place throughout the city since the beginning of the 21st century. Significant retail and office developments have taken place in West Omaha such as Village Pointe shopping centers and several business parks including First National Business Park and parks for Bank of the West and C & amp; A Industries, Inc. and Morgan Stanley Smith Barney and several others. Downtown and Midtown Omaha have seen a number of condominium developments in recent years. In Midtown Omaha, significant mixed-use projects are underway. The former site of the Ak-Sar-Ben arena has been redeveloped into a mixed Aksarben Village development. In January 2009 Blue Cross Blue Shield of Nebraska announced plans to build 10 new stories, a $ 98 million headquarters, at Aksarben Village, completed in spring 2011. Gordmans is also building their new headquarters in Aksarben. Another major mixed-use development is the Midtown Crossing at Turner Park. Developed by Mutual of Omaha, this development includes several condo towers and a retail business built around Omaha's Turner Park.
The Dutch Performing Arts Center opened in 2005 near Gene Leahy Mall and Union Pacific Center opened in 2004.
There are also several developments along the riverbank of Missouri in downtown. Pedestrian Bridge Bob Kerrey opened for foot and bicycle traffic on September 28, 2008. Started in 2003, the first RiverFront Place Condos phase was completed in 2006 and fully occupied and the second phase opened in 2011. The development along the Omaha river is associated with prompting City of Council Bluffs to move its own front-line development forward.
In the summer of 2008, 2012 and 2016, trials of the United States Olympic Team are held in Omaha, at Qwest/Century Link Center. The event was highlighted in the city's sports community, as well as displays for rebuilding in the city center.
Maps Omaha, Nebraska
Geography
Omaha is located on 41Ã, Â ° 15? N 96Ã, Â ° 0? W . According to the US Census Bureau, the city has an area of ​​130.58 square miles (338.20 km 2 ), where 127.09 square miles (329.16 km 2 ) is land and 3.49 square miles (9.04 km 2 ) is water. Located in the United States Midwestern on the banks of the Missouri River in eastern Nebraska, most of Omaha is built in the Missouri River Valley. Other important waters in the Omaha-Council Bluffs metropolitan area include Lake Manawa, Papillion Creek, Carter Lake, Platte River, and Glenn Cunningham Lake. The land of the city has changed greatly with the vast land throughout Downtown Omaha and spread throughout the city. East Omaha is located on the flood plain west of the Missouri River. This area is the location of Carter Lake, an ox lake. The lake was once the site of East Omaha Island and Florence Lake, which dried up in the 1920s.
The Omaha-Council Bluffs metropolitan area consists of eight districts; five in Nebraska and three in Iowa. The metropolitan area now includes Harrison, Pottawattamie, and Mills Counties in Iowa and Washington, Douglas, Sarpy, Cass, and Saunders Counties in Nebraska. This area was previously referred to simply as the Metropolitan Area of ​​Omaha and consists of only five districts: Pottawattamie in Iowa, and Washington, Douglas, Cass, and Sarpy in Nebraska. The Omaha-Council Bluffs combined statistics area comprises the metropolitan area of ​​Omaha-Council Bluffs and the Micropolitan Fremont statistical area; CSA has a population of 858,720 (estimated by the Census Bureau 2005). Omaha ranks 42th as the largest city in the United States, and is the core city of its 60th largest metropolitan area. There are currently no districts consolidated in the area; The city of Omaha studied extensively until 2003 and concluded, "Omaha City and Douglas County should merge into municipal areas, work to begin soon, and that functional consolidation begins immediately in as many departments as possible, including but not limited to parks, fleet management , facility management, local planning, purchasing and personnel. "
Geographically, Omaha is considered to be in the "Heartland" of the United States. Important environmental impacts on natural habitats in the area include the spread of invasive plant species, restoring pastures and grassland habitats, and managing the whitetail deer population.
Omaha is home to several hospitals, mostly located along Dodge St. (US6). Being the county seat, it's also the location of the county court building.
Nearby Areas
Omaha is generally divided into six geographic regions: Downtown, Midtown, North Omaha, South Omaha, West Omaha, and East Omaha. West Omaha includes the Miracle Hills, Boys Town, Regency, and Gateway areas. The city has various neighborhoods and suburbs and new environments that reflect its socioeconomic diversity. Early neighborhood development takes place in ethnic enclaves, including Little Italy, Little Bohemia, Little Mexico and Greek Town. According to US Census data, five European ethnic regions exist in Omaha in 1880, extending to nine in 1900.
Around the beginning of the 20th century. Omaha City annexed several communities around it, including Florence, Dundee and Benson. At the same time, the city annexed all of South Omaha, including the neighborhood of Dahlman and Burlington Road. From its first annexation in 1857 (from East Omaha) to Elkhorn's recent and controversial annexation, Omaha has been constantly monitoring growth.
Beginning in the 1950s, the construction of new highways and housing led to the movement of the middle class to the periphery in West Omaha. Some of these movements were defined as the white flight of racial unrest in the 1960s. Newcomers and the poor live in older housing close to the city center; the more established population moved west to new housing. Some suburbs are gated communities or have been the edge towns. Recently, the Omahans have made strides to revitalize downtown and Midtown with the rebuilding of the Old Market, Turner Park, Gifford Park, and the designation of the Omaha Rail and Commerce Historic Area.
Preservation of the landmark
Omaha is home to dozens of significant national, regional and local landmarks. The city has over a dozen historic districts, including Fort Omaha Historic District, Gold Coast Historic District, Omaha Quartermaster Depot Historical District, Field Club Historic District, Bemis Park Historic District, and South Main Street Historical District in Omaha. Omaha is renowned for its 1989 demolition of 24 buildings in Jobbers Canyon Historical District, representing up to the date of the largest building loss on the National Register. The only original building that survived the compound was Nash Block.
Omaha has nearly a hundred individual properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, including Bank of Florence, Church of the Holy Family, Christian Specht Building, and Joslyn Castle. There are also three properties designated as the National Historic Landmark.
Locally-established landmarks, including significant residential, commercial, religious, educational, agricultural and social locations throughout the city, respecting Omaha's cultural heritage and history are important. Heritage Heritage Conservation Commission City of Omaha is a government agency that works with the mayor of Omaha and Omaha City Council to protect historic sites. Important historical organizations in society include the Douglas County Historical Society.
Climate
Omaha, because the latitude is 41.26? N and distant locations of moderate or mountainous water bodies, displaying a humid continental climate (KÃÆ'¶ppen Dfa ). July averages 76.7 Â ° F (24.8 Â ° C), with an average relative humidity of about 70% which then leads to relatively frequent storms. Temperatures reach 90 ° F (32 ° C) at 29 days and 100 ° F (38 ° C) at 1.7 days each year. The average daily January is 23.5 Â ° F (-4.7 Â ° C), with the lowest reaching 0 Â ° F (-18 Â ° C) at 11 days each year. The lowest recorded temperature in the city was -32Ã, Â ° F (-36Ã, Â ° C) on 5 January 1884, and the highest was 114Ã, Â ° F (46Ã, Â ° C) on July 25, 1936. The average bulk The annual rainfall is 30.6 inches (777 mm), mostly falling in the warmer months. What rain falls in winter usually takes the form of snow, with the average seasonal snow is 28.7 inches (73 cm).
Based on the 30-year average obtained from the NOAA National Climatic Data Center for December, January and February, the Weather Channel places Omaha as the 5th coldest city in the US by 2014.
Demographics
census 2010
At the 2010 census, there were 408,958 people, 162,627 households, and 96,477 families living in the city. Population density was 3,217.9 people per square mile (1,242.4/km 2 ). There are 177,518 housing units with an average density of 1,396.8 per square mile (539.3/km 2 ). City's racial makeup is 73.1% White, 13.7% African American, 0.8% Native American, 2.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Island, 6.9% of other races, and 3.0 % of two or more races. The Hispanic or Latino of any race is 13.1% of the population. Non-Hispanic Whites are 68.0% of the population.
There are 162,627 households that 31.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.6% are married couples living together, 13.7% have unmarried female households present, 4.9% have a home male ladder without wife presence, and 40.7% are not family. 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.3% had someone living alone 65 or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.14.
The average age in the city is 33.5 years. 25.1% of the population is under 18 years of age; 11.4% were between 18 and 24; 27.9% are from 25 to 44; 24.4% is from 45 to 64; and 11.4% are 65 years old or older. The city gender makeup is 49.2% male and 50.8% female.
census 2000
In the 2000 census, there were 390,007 people, 156,738 households, and 94,983 families living within the city limits. Population density was 3,370.7 people per square mile (1,301.5/km 2 ). There are 165,731 housing units with an average density of 1,432.4 per square mile (553.1/km 2 ). City's racial makeup is 78.4% White, 13.3% African American, 0.7% Native American, 1.7% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Island, 3.9% of other races, and 1.9 % of two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race is 7.5% of the population.
The average income for households in the city is $ 40,006, and the average income for families is $ 50,821. Men have an average income of $ 34,301 compared to $ 26,652 for women. The per capita income for the city is $ 21,756. About 11.3% of the population and 7.8% of families are below the poverty line, including 15.6% of those under the age of 18 and 7.4% of those aged 65 years or older.
People
Native Americans are the first inhabitants of the Omaha area. Omaha City was founded by European Americans from neighboring Council Bluffs who arrived from the Northeast of the United States a few years earlier. While most of the initial population is Yankee stock, over the next 100 years many ethnic groups move to the city. In 1910, the Census Bureau reported Omaha's population as 96.4% White and 3.6% Black. The Irish immigrants in Omaha originally moved to the area in North Omaha now called "Gophertown", as they lived in dug farms. The population was followed by Polish immigrants in the Sheelytown neighborhood, and many immigrants were recruited for jobs in planters and meat packing industries in South Omaha. The German community in Omaha is largely responsible for establishing the formerly developed beer industry, including the Metz, Krug, Falstaff, and Storz factories.
Since its inception, ethnic groups in the city have been clustered in the pockets of the north, south and downtown Omaha. In its early days, the character of a new, sometimes lawless, border town was crime, such as illegal gambling and riots.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Jewish immigrants established many businesses along the North 24th Street commercial area. It suffered with the loss of industrial employment in the 1960s and later, a population shift in the west of the city. The commercial area is now the center of the African American community, concentrated in North Omaha. The African-American community has maintained a social and religious base, while currently undergoing economic revitalization.
The Little Italy neighborhood grew south of the city center, as many Italian immigrants came to town to work in Union Pacific stores. The Scandinavians first came to Omaha as Mormon settlers in the Florence neighborhood. The Czechs have a strong political and cultural voice in Omaha, and are involved in various trades and businesses, including banks, wholesale homes, and funeral homes. The Notre Dame Academy and the Monasteries and Museum of Czechoslovakia are their heritage of residence. Today, the legacy of early European immigrant populations in the city is evident in many social and cultural institutions in the City Center and South Omaha.
The Mexicans originally immigrated to Omaha to work in railway stations. Today they make up the majority of the Hispanic population in South Omaha and many are taking jobs in meat processing. Other significant early ethnic populations in Omaha include Denmark, Poland, and Sweden.
More and more African immigrants have made their home in Omaha in the last twenty years. There are about 8,500 Sudanese living in Omaha, which is made up of the largest population of Sudanese refugees in the United States. Most have immigrated since 1995 because of wars in their country. Ten different ethnic groups are represented, including Nuer, Dinka, Equatoria, Maubans and Nubia. Most of the Sudanese people in Omaha speak Nuer. Other Africans have immigrated to Omaha as well, with a third of Nigeria, and significant populations from Kenya, Togo, Cameroon and Ghana.
With the expansion of rail and industrial jobs in meat packing, Omaha attracts many new immigrants and migrants. As a major city in Nebraska, it is historically more racially and ethnically diverse than the rest of the country. Sometimes rapid population changes, overcrowded housing and job competition have generated racial and ethnic tensions. Around the beginning of the 20th century, violence against new immigrants in Omaha often erupted because of suspicion and fear.
The Greek City unrest in 1909 raged after the rise of Greek immigration, the Greeks' working as problem solvers, and the murder of an Irish policeman provoked violence amongst previous immigrants like ethnic Irish. The mob violence forced the Greek immigrant population to flee the city. In 1910, 53.7% of Omaha's population and 64.2% of South Omaha's population were born overseas or had at least one parent born outside the United States. Six years after the Greek City Unrest, in 1915, a Mexican immigrant named Juan Gonzalez was killed by a mob near Scribner, a city in the Greater Omaha metropolitan area. The incident occurred after an Omaha Police Department officer was investigating a criminal operation that sold items stolen from nearby railway stations. Racial imagery targets Gonzalez as the culprit. After fleeing from the city, he was trapped along the Elkhorn River, where the mob, including some policemen from Omaha, shot him over twenty times. It was later discovered that Gonzalez was unarmed, and that he had a reliable alibi for the moment of the murder. No one has ever been charged for his murder. In the autumn of 1919, after Red Summer, the postwar social and economic tensions, which previously employed blacks as problem solvers, and job uncertainty contributed to the mass of South Omaha punishing Willy Brown and Omaha Race Riot. Trying to defend Brown, the city's mayor, Edward Parsons Smith, was also sentenced to death, surviving only after a quick rescue.
Similar to other industrial cities in the US, Omaha suffered severe employment losses in the 1950s, more than 10,000 overall, as the railway and meat packing industries were restructured. Storage and packing plants are located closer to the farm, and union attainment is lost when wages decline in survival work. Many workers leave the area if they can find another job. Poverty deepens in the urban areas whose inhabitants depend on those jobs, especially North and South Omaha. At the same time, with reduced revenue, the city has less financial ability to respond to long-standing problems. Desperate after the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in April 1968 contributed to the unrest in North Omaha, including one at Logan Fontenelle Housing Project. For some, the Civil Rights Movement in Omaha, Nebraska evolved toward black nationalism, when the Black Panther Party was involved in tension in the late 1960s. Organizations such as the Black Association for Nationalism through Unity became popular among African-American youth in the city. This tension culminated in the congregation causing cà © lÃÆ'¨bre of the Rice Case/Poindexter, in which an officer of the Omaha Police Department was killed by a bomb while answering an emergency call.
The whites in Omaha have followed the pattern of white, suburban flight to West Omaha from time to time. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, gang violence and incidents between Omaha Police and blacks undermined inter-group relations in North and South Omaha. Newer Hispanic immigrants, concentrated in South Omaha, have struggled to earn living wages in packaged meat, adapting to new communities, and addressing discrimination.
Economy
According to USA Today , Omaha ranks eighth among the 50 largest cities in America both in billionaires per capita and Fortune 500 companies. With diversification across multiple industries, including banking, insurance, telecommunications, architecture/construction, and transportation, Omaha's economy has grown dramatically since the early 1990s. In 2001 Newsweek identified Omaha as one of 10 high-tech places in the country. Six national fiber-optic networks meet in Omaha.
Omaha's most famous businessman is Warren Buffett, dubbed "Oracle of Omaha", who regularly ranks among the world's richest men. The four Omaha-based companies: Berkshire Hathaway, Union Pacific Railroad, Mutual of Omaha, and Kiewit Corporation, are one of the Fortune 500.
Omaha is the headquarters of several other major companies, including the Gallup Organization, TD Ameritrade, infoGROUP, Werner Enterprises, First National Bank, Gavilon, and First Comp Insurance. Many large technology companies have major operations or operational headquarters in Omaha, including Bank of the West, First Data, PayPal, and LinkedIn. The city is also home to three of the 30 largest architectural firms in the United States, including HDR, Inc., DLR Group, Inc., and Leo A Daly. Omaha has the percentage of African population of low-income Americans fifth in the country. In 2013, Forbes' is named Omaha among the list of the Best Places for Business and Careers.
Top entrepreneurs
According to the Greater Omaha Economic Development Partnership, the largest regional companies are:
Tourism
Attractions in Omaha include history, sports, outdoors and cultural experiences. Main attractions are Henry Doorly Zoo and College World Series. The Old Market in Downtown Omaha is another major attraction and important to the city's retail economy. The city has been a tourist destination for many years. Famous early visitors included British writer Rudyard Kipling and General George Crook. In 1883 Omaha hosted the first official Wild West Show show from Buffalo Bill for eight thousand participants. In 1898, the city inhabited more than 1,000,000 visitors from across the United States in Trans-Mississippi and International Exhibition, a world exhibition that lasted more than half a year.
Research on leisure and hospitality puts Omaha at the same level for travelers as the neighboring city of Des Moines, Iowa; Topeka, Kansas; Kansas City, Missouri; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Denver, Colorado; and Sioux Falls, South Dakota. A recent study found that an investment of $ 1 million in cultural tourism generated about $ 83,000 in state and local taxes, and provided support for hundreds of jobs for metropolitan areas, which in turn led to additional tax revenues for the government.
Culture
The city's historical and cultural attractions have been praised by many national newspapers, including the Boston Globe and The New York Times . Omaha is home to the Omaha Community Playhouse, the largest community theater in the United States. The Omaha Symphony Orchestra and the modern Dutch Center for Performing Arts, Omaha Opera at the Orpheum Theater, Blue Barn Theater, and The Rose Theater form the backbone of the Omaha performing arts community. Opened in 1931, the Joslyn Art Museum has a significant art collection. Since its founding in 1976, the Omaha Children's Museum has become a place where children can challenge themselves, discover how the world works and learns through play. The Bemis Center for Contemporary Arts, one of the nation's premier urban art colonies, was established in Omaha in 1981, and the Durham Museum is accredited with the Smithsonian Institution for a traveling exhibition. The city is also home to the country's largest sole-funded mural, "Fertile Ground", by Meg Saligman. The Omaha Blues, Jazz, & amp; The Gospel Festival celebrates local music along with Omaha Black Music Hall of Fame.
In 1955, Union Stockyards Omaha took over Chicago stockyards as a meat packing center of the United States. This heritage is reflected in Omaha cuisine, with famous steakhouses such as Gorat's and Mister C just closed, as well as the retail chain Omaha Steaks.
Henry Doorly Zoo
Henry Doorly Zoo is widely regarded as one of the world's premier zoos. The zoo is home to the world's largest nocturnal exhibit and indoor swamp; the world's largest indoor rain forest, the largest indoor desert in the world, and the world's largest geodesic dome (13 stories high). The zoo is Nebraska's number one paid attraction and has welcomed over 25 million visitors over the past 40 years.
Old Market
The Old Market is the main historical district of Downtown Omaha listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Today, warehouses and other home building stores, restaurants, bars, coffee shops, and art galleries. The city center is also the location of the Omaha Rail and Commerce Historic District, which has several art galleries and restaurants as well. Lauritzen Gardens has 100 acres (40Ã, ha) with landscaping, and the new Kenefick Park recognizes the long history of Union Pacific Railroad in Omaha. North Omaha has several historic cultural sights including Dreamland Historical Project, Art Center and Love Jazz, and John Beasley Theater. The annual River City Roundup is celebrated in Fort Omaha, and the Florence neighborhood celebrates its history during "Florence Days". Native Omaha Days is a biennial event celebrating the legacy of the Near North Side.
Religious institutions reflect the city's heritage. The city Christian community has several historic churches originating from the founding of the city. There are also all trial sizes, including small, medium and large churches. Omaha hosted the only Church of Jesus Christ from the Temple of Latter-day Saints in Nebraska, along with a significant Jewish community. There are 152 parishes in the Roman Catholic archdiocese in Omaha, and several Orthodox Christian congregations throughout the city.
Music
Omaha's rich history in rhythm and blues, and jazz spawned a number of influential bands, including Cotton Club Boys from Anna Mae Winburn and Lloyd Hunter's Seranaders. Rock and roll pioneers, Wynonie Harris, jazz, Preston Love, drummer Buddy Miles, and Luigi Waites are one of the city's local talents. Doug Ingle of the 1960s Iron Butterfly band was born in Omaha, just like indie singer-songwriter Elliott Smith, although both grew up elsewhere.
Today, Omaha's diverse cultures include a variety of performing venues, museums and musical heritage, including historically significant jazz scenes in North Omaha and the modern and influential "Omaha Sound".
Contemporary musical groups located in or from Omaha include Mannheim Steamroller, Bright Eyes, The Faint, Cursive, Azure Ray, Tilly and the Wall and 311. During the late 1990s, Omaha became nationally known as the birthplace of Saddle Creek Records, and the next "Omaha Sound" born from the band's collective style.
Omaha also has a hip hop beginner scene. The old fortress of Houston Alexander, a one-time graffiti artist and professional mixed Martial Arts Competition, is currently a local hip-hop radio host. Cerone Thompson, known as "Scrybe", has number one on college radio stations across the United States. He also has several number one hits on local hip hop stations each titled, "Lose Control" and "Do What U Do". More recently, in 2009 Eric Scheid, also known as "Titus", released a single called "What Do You Believe" featuring Bizzy Bone from the nationally known Bone Thugs-n-Harmony hip hop group. The single is produced by Omaha producer J Keez. The record was released by Smashmode Publishing and Timeless Keys Music Publishing which are two Omaha based music publishing companies. The OTR Familia of South Omaha, consisting of MOC and Xpreshin aka XP, has worked with Fat Joes Terror Squad on several tracks and has participated in a summer concert with Pitbull, Nicky Jam and Aventura.
The long heritage of ethnic and cultural groups comes from Omaha. The Omaha Black Music Hall of Fame celebrates the long history of African-American music towns and the Strathdon Caledonia Pipe Band brings the Scottish heritage. The internationally renowned composer AntonÃÆ'n Dvo? ÃÆ'¡k wrote the Ninth Symphony ("New World") in 1893 based on the impressions that existed in the region after visiting the powerful Czech community in Omaha. In the period around World War I, Valentin J. Peter encouraged the Germans in Omaha to celebrate their rich musical heritage as well. Frederick Metz, Gottlieb Storz and Frederick Krug are influential brewers where beer gardens make many German bands active.
Popular culture
In 1939, the world premiere of the film Union Pacific was held in Omaha, Nebraska and the accompanying three-day celebration attracted 250,000 people. A special train from Hollywood brings director Cecil B. DeMille and stars Barbara Stanwyck and Joel McCrea. The city of Boys Omaha was made famous by the movie Spencer Tracy and Mickey Rooney Boys Town . Omaha has been featured in recent years by some relatively large budget films. The city's most extensive exposure can be accredited by Omaha native, Alexander Payne, Oscar-nominated director who takes part of the About Schmidt , Citizen Ruth and Elections in the city and suburb of Papillion and La Vista.
Built in 1962, Cinerama of Omaha is called the Indian Hills Theater. Its demolition in 2001 by the Nebraska Methodological Health System was unpopular, with objections from local historical and cultural groups and figures from around the world. The Dundee Theater is the only single-screen cinema still alive in Omaha and still features films. A recent development to the Omaha movie scene is the addition of Ruth Sokolof Theater from the Film Streams in North Downtown. The two-screen theater is part of the Slowing facility. It features new independent Americans, foreign films, documentaries, classics, themed series, and retrospective directors. There are many new theaters that opened in Omaha. In addition to five places of Douglas Theater in Omaha, two more are opened, including Midtown Crossing Theaters, located on 32nd and Farnam Road by Mutual of Omaha Building. Westroads Mall has opened a new multiplex movie theater with 14 screens, operated by Rave Motion Pictures.
The songs about Omaha include "Omaha" by Moby Grape, "Omaha", by indie rock band Tapes' n Tapes, "Omaha" by Counting Crows, "Omaha Celebration" by Pat Metheny, "Omaha" sung by Waylon Jennings, " Greater Omaha "by Desaparecidos," Omaha Stylee "by 311 and" (Ready Or Not) Omaha Nebraska "by Bowling for Soup.
Popular young adult novel Eleanor & amp; Park by Rainbow Rowell (St. Martin Press, 2013) takes place in Omaha.
The 1935 winner of the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing was named Omaha, and after traveling around the world, the horse eventually retired to a farm south of the city. The horse made a promotional appearance at Ak-Sar-Ben during the 1950s and after his death in 1959 was buried in the Circle of Champions racetrack.
In The Big Bang Theory, one of the main characters of the show Penny (The Big Bang Theory) comes from Omaha.
Sports and leisure
Sport has been important in Omaha for over a century, and the city currently hosts three professional sports league teams.
Omaha has hosted the annual NCAA College World Series annual baseball tournament since 1950. It has been played in downtown TD Ameritrade Park since 2011.
Omaha Sports Commission is a semi-governmental non-profit organization that coordinates most of the city's professional and amateur athletic activities, including the 2008 US Olympic Team Trial, 2012 and 2016 as well as the construction of a new stadium in the North City Center. University of Nebraska and Commission co-hosted the 2008 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division One Women Volleyball Championship in December of that year. The Top 10 2016 Baseball Championship is also played at the College World Series Stadium. Another quasi-governing council, the Metropolitan Entertainment and Convention Authority (MECA), was created by city voters in 2000, and is responsible for maintaining CenturyLink Center Omaha.
The Omaha Storm Chasers plays at Werner Park. They won seven championships (in 1969, 1970, 1978, 1990, 2011, 2013, and 2014). Omaha is also home to Omaha Diamond Spirit, a college summer college team playing in the MINK league.
The Creighton University Bluejays competes in a number of NCAA Division sports as a member of the Great Eastern Conference. Baseball is played at TD Ameritrade Park Omaha, football is played at Morrison Stadium, and basketball is played in 18,000 CenturyLink Center seats. The Jays annually rank in the top 15 are present each year, averaging over 16,000 people per game. Omaha Mavericks, representing the University of Nebraska Omaha (UNO), also played Basketball, Baseball and Football in the NCAA I Division as a member of The Summit League. The UNO men's ice hockey team played at the National High School Hockey Conference.
Ice Hockey is a popular sports spectacle in Omaha and there are two Omaha-area teams. Omaha Lancers, United States Hockey League team played at Ralston Arena. Omaha Mavericks play at Baxter Arena on campus.
Omaha is home to a new expansion team in United Football League that plays from 2010 to 2011. Omaha Beef's indoor soccer team plays at Omaha Civic Auditorium until 2012 when they move to the new Ralston Arena.
The Kansas City-Omaha Kings, an NBA franchise, played in both cities from 1972 to 1978, before being reduced entirely to Kansas City until 1985, when the team moved into his current home in Sacramento.
The Cox Classic golf tournament is part of the Web.com Tour from 1996 to 2013. The circuit returns to Omaha in 2017 with the Pinnacle Bank Championship.
Recreation
Omaha has a thriving community and many miles of running and biking trails throughout the city and surrounding communities. The Omaha Marathon involves a half marathon and a 10 kilometer (6.2 mile) race that takes place every year in September. Omaha also has a history of curling, including some national junior champions. The historic city streets were originally designed by Horace Cleveland in 1889 to work with gardens to create a smooth flow of trees, grass and flowers throughout the city. Florence Boulevard and Fontenelle Boulevard are among the remains of this system. Omaha boasts over 80 miles (129 km) of lanes for pedestrians, cyclists and pedestrians. They include the American Discovery Trail, which crosses all of the United States, and Lewis and Clark National History Trail passes Omaha on a journey of 3,700 miles (5,950 km) west from Illinois to Oregon. Paths throughout the region are included in a comprehensive plan for the city of Omaha, the Omaha metropolitan area, Douglas County, and a long-distance coordinated plan between the municipalities of southeast Nebraska.
Government and politics
Omaha has a powerful mayor from the government, along with city councils selected from seven districts throughout the city. The current mayor is Jean Stothert, elected in May 2013, and re-elected on May 10, 2017. The longest serving body in Omaha's history is Cowboy Jim Dahlman, who serves 20 years over eight terms. He is considered the "wettest mayor in America" ​​because of the many bars in Omaha during his tenure. Dahlman is a close associate of political boss Tom Dennison. During Dahlman's tenure, the city shifted from the form of a powerful mayor to the city commission's government. In 1956, the city returned.
The city clerk is Buster Brown. Omaha City manages twelve departments, including finance, police, human rights, libraries and planning. Omaha City Council is a legislative branch and consists of seven members elected from districts throughout the city. The Council enforces local regulations and approves the city budget. Government priorities and activities are set in the approved budget rules each year. The Council takes official action through the course of the ordinance and resolution. The Nebraska Constitution provides a choice of house rules to cities with more than 5,000 residents, meaning they can operate under their own charter. Omaha is one of only three cities in Nebraska that uses this option, out of 17 eligible. The city of Omaha is currently considering consolidation with the Douglas County government.
Despite the Democratic Republic's losing number in the 2nd congress district, which includes Omaha, Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama opened three campaign offices in the city with 15 staff members to cover the country in the fall of 2008. Mike Fahey, former Democratic mayor of Omaha, he will do anything to vote for Obama's district election; and Obama's campaign considers the district "in the game". Former US Nebraska Senator Bob Kerrey and former Senator Ben Nelson campaigned in the city for Obama, and in November 2008 Obama won a district vote. This is a tremendous victory, because with the Nebraska election vote system, Obama became the first Democratic presidential candidate to win election in Nebraska since 1964.
In 2011, Nebraska MPs moved Offutt Air Force Base and the city of Bellevue - a region with a large minority population - out of District 2 based in Omaha and shifted in the Republican-rich Omaha suburb of Sarpy County. The move is expected to unfreeze the urban Democratic voices of the city.
Crime
Omaha's violent crime rate per 100,000 population is lower than the average level of three dozen US cities of the same size. Unlike Omaha, the cities have experienced an increase in overall crime since 2003. Property crime rates have declined for both Omaha and its peer cities over the same period of time. In 2006, Omaha was ranked for murder as 46 of 72 cities in the United States which has over 250,000 populations.
As a large industrial city in the mid-20th century, Omaha shares social tensions in big cities with rapid growth and many new immigrants and migrants. In the 1950s, Omaha was the center for illegal gambling, while experiencing dramatic job losses and unemployment due to the dramatic restructuring of rail and meat packing industry, as well as other sectors. The prolonged poverty resulting from racial discrimination and job loss resulted in different crimes in the late 20th century, with drug trafficking and drug abuse being linked to violent crime rates, which rose after 1986 when Los Angeles-affiliated gangs were affiliated in the city.
Gambling in Omaha has been significant throughout the city's history. Since its founding in the 1850s to the 1930s, the city is known as the "wide open" city, meaning that gambling of all sorts is accepted either openly or in a closed place. In the mid-20th century, Omaha was reported to have illegal gambling per capita than any other city in the country. From the 1930s to the 1970s, city gambling was controlled by Italian criminal elements.
Today, gambling in Omaha is limited to keno, lottery, and parimutuel bets, making the Omahans drive across the Missouri River to Council Bluffs, Iowa, where casinos are legal and there are many businesses that operate today. Recently a controversial proposal by the Ponca tribe of Nebraska was approved by the National Indian Gaming Commission. This will allow the tribe to build a casino in Carter Lake, Iowa, which is geographically located on the west side of the Missouri River, adjacent to Omaha, where casinos are illegal.
Education
Education in Omaha is provided by many private and public institutions. Omaha Public Schools is the largest public school district in Nebraska, with over 47,750 students in over 75 schools. After a period of controversial uncertainty, in 2007 the Nebraska Legislature approved a plan to create a learning community for the Omaha district school district with the central administrative board. The Roman Catholic diocese of Omaha maintains many private Catholic schools with 21,500 students in 32 primary schools and nine secondary schools. St. Cecilia Grade School at 3869 Webster St. in Midtown Omaha, St. Louis Robert Bellarmine School at 120th and Pacific Street and St. Stephen the Martyr School at 168th and Q Street was awarded nationally when they received the US Blue Ribbon Education School award. Omaha is also home to Brownell-Talbot School, the only pre-school to grade 12, an independent college prep school in the state of Nebraska. Stand-alone as its own school district, Westside Community Schools, also known as District 66, is an award-winning district located in the heart of Omaha. It serves students in pre-kindergarten through 12th grade and records the district registration of 6,123 K-12 students for the school year 2015-16. Through annexation Omaha also owns Millard Public Schools and Elkhorn Public Schools.
There are eleven colleges and universities among Omaha higher education institutions, including the University of Omaha Nebraska. The University of Nebraska Medical Center is located in downtown Omaha and is home to the Eppley Cancer Center, one of 66 Cancer Centers designated by the National Cancer Institute in the United States. The University of Nebraska College of Medicine, also located on the campus of UNMC, is ranked 7th in the country by US News and World Report for primary care medical education. Omaha's Creighton University is ranked the top non-doctoral regional university in the United States Midwestern by US. News and World Report . Creighton maintains a 132-acre (0.5 km) campus outside Downtown Omaha in the new North Downtown district, and the Jesuit institute has approximately 6,700 enrollment at the undergraduate, graduate, medical, and law school levels. There are more than 10 other colleges and universities in Omaha in the Omaha metro area.
Media
The city is the focus of Omaha-designated market area, and is the 76th largest in the United States.
- Magazines
Omaha Magazine
- Newspapers
The main daily newspaper in Nebraska is Omaha World-Herald , which is the largest employee-owned newspaper in the United States. Weekends in the city include the Midlands Business Journal (weekly business publications); American Classifieds (formerly Thrifty Nickel ), weekly secret papers; Readers , and The Omaha Star
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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