Cigarette smoke is contaminated by tobacco smoke left after cigarette outages, cigars, or other flammable tobacco products.
Video Third-hand smoke
Etymology
The term third smoker or "THS" is a neologism created by a research team from Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center. The 'third hand' component of this term is a reference to surface remnants after "secondhand smoke" has been cleared. The term first hand of smoke refers to what is inhaled to the lungs of the smoker himself, while the passive smoker is a mixture of exhaled smoke and other substances leaving the burning tip. cigarettes that enter the atmosphere and can be inhaled by others; The third cigarette smoke, with the token, is contaminated on the surface of the remaining object after the secondhand smoke is cleaned.
Maps Third-hand smoke
Biomarker Disease
It is important to recognize passive smoker biomarkers as they indicate the severity and presence of the disease. In a recent study involving rats, THS biomarkers were found after four weeks of initial exposure at levels equivalent to those found in smokers' homes. Researchers used systems that mimic human exposure and look for biomarkers found in serum, liver, and brain tissue in mice. The mice were exposed to THS at various months and at the beginning of one month, they began to show signs of increased circulation of inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor, and increased epinephrine stress hormone. The damage from THS exposure continued after two, four, and six months. Such damage includes oxidative stress and molecular damage. Some mice also become hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinimic, which can mean that insulin resistance can be a consequence of long-term exposure. This study implies that increased exposure time to THS can have a dramatic effect. Additional studies with human subjects are still needed to fully understand the implications of THS.
Hazard Potential
Although "passive smokers" disappear from space or space after a short period of time, nicotine and other components of the smoke tend to coat the surface of the space including the exposed skin, hair and clothing and continue to secrete toxins. Third-hand smoke is environmental tobacco smoke that has been oxidized with environmental nitric acid to create carcinogens not seen in cigarette materials or tobacco smoke. Chemicals released in passive smokers react with indoor pollutants to create a toxic hazard for those exposed, especially children. Tobacco-specific carcinogenic nitrosamines (TSNAs) can form when common indoor pollutants, nitric acid, are in contact with nicotine. One TSNA, called 4- (methylnitrosamino) -1- (3-pyridinyl) -1-butanone, is a potent, potent, specific lung carcinogen in tobacco smoke and smokers' homes. Carcinogens found in THS are known as specific tobacco nitrosamines.
A study was conducted in 2016 to see how long passive smokers lived in three different fabrics for 72 hours and after washing. Three different types of fibers include wool, cotton, and polyester. The THS level is measured using a self-designed acoustic wave gas surface sensor (SAW) that measures the frequency change when a compound is placed on the sensor surface. The results of this study found that third cigarette smoke tended to stay in the rightmost wool after smoking and the least polyester. Wool has the slowest desorption while polyester has the fastest. Also, the study concludes that although washing and washing these fibers with detergent is an effective way to remove some smoke, there is still about an average of 300 Hz remaining THS remaining in all fibers.
A 2010 study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences found that nicotine residue coating smokers and car or interior interiors could react with airborne nitric acid to create specific tobacco nitrosamines, a carcinogen found in tobacco products. This is demonstrated by spraying the so-called "high levels of nitrate" but it makes sense (about 4-12 times the level normally found at home) to the cellulose substrate used to wipe the interior of a vehicle that has been widely sucked from time to time.. Similar results are found when the cellulose substrate is stored (without wiping) in the same vehicle for three days when smoking occurs. Ensuring ventilation while smoking cigarettes does not eliminate third smoke deposits in enclosed spaces, according to the study authors. The study found that eleven carcinogenic compounds can be found in passive smokers, including radioactive polonium-210 elements.
A study in 2004 measured levels of nicotine in the dust in homes of three different family groups. Homes where parents smoke with children at home have the highest levels of nicotine found in the dust in all the rooms of the house, including the nursery and children. Homes where parents try to limit exposure to secondhand smoke to their children have lower levels of nicotine found in dust. Non-smoked homes do not contain any traces of nicotine.
Lighting and Health Effects
Humans may be exposed to THS through inhalation, skin contact, or consumption. There are also many surfaces that can accumulate THS compounds. The common surface that humans come into contact with every day includes sofas, furniture, curtains, and car seats. THS is considered potentially the greatest danger to infants and young children because younger children are more likely to put their hands in their mouths or be hugged to become smokers with toxins on their skin and clothing. Babies also crawl on the floor and eat from their hands without washing them first, ingesting toxins into their growing system.
According to a study by Northrup, 22% of infants and children are exposed to SHS/THS in their homes each year, comprising most of the 126 million non-smokers exposed to dangerous tobacco products annually.
Although the study is limited, there are many harmful health effects that have been associated with THS exposure. THS has the potential to damage wound healing by altering the body's natural anti-inflammatory response, overhauling the respiratory structure due to increased collagen deposits in the airways, and causing permanent damage to DNA. Other health effects include asthma, increased cough morbidity, and other respiratory conditions. If a pregnant woman is exposed to THS, it can slow the development of the fetal lung in the third trimester. In children, THS exposure is also associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) as a potential cause factor, and is also associated with cognitive deficits and memory in growing children.
Awareness and Public Solutions
Cigarette smoke is a relatively new concept postulated, and public awareness about it is lower than secondhand smoke. A 2013 study with six focus groups in metro and rural Georgia asked participants whether they had heard of THS, most of the participants had not heard about it and did not know what the third hand smoke was. Research on THS develops, but not compared to 40 years of research on the effects of passive smoking. However, it is estimated that 5% -60% of the hazards associated with second cigarette smoke may actually be caused by third smoke exposure. Ths cause such risks because exposure can last longer than secondhand smoke. The contaminated surfaces of third smoke such as carpets, walls, and car interiors are also very difficult to clean whereas secondhand smoke can be removed by ventilation.
The smoking rate in the United States has dropped dramatically from 42.4% in 1965 to about 17.8% in 2016. But the downward trend is slowing down and it is estimated that 23% to 42% of adults in America with low education or living in poverty still smoke. It exposes millions of people who do not smoke, many of whom are children.
Awareness campaigns for THS continue to grow in number and mainly focus on health risks for children. A 2014 study published in Pediatrics shows that parents are more likely to try to quit smoking if they become convinced that third smoke is harmful to children and more likely to have a smoke-free home and car policy. if they are aware of the dangers of passive smoking. It is recommended that parents protect their children by ensuring they have a non-smoking zone. One such way is recommended for smokers to protect their family, friends and others by smoking outside and bathing and changing clothes before touching others. However, studies show that older people who smoke heavy (& gt; 10 cigarettes per day) tend not to believe that third cigarette smoke is harmful to children. Third-hand smoke is one of the issues promoting indoor smoking ban, mainly supported by players such as musicians, who are forced to bring third-party smoke contamination to their homes through contaminated instruments and cases.
Policy in the United States
Smoking restrictions have been in force in the US since 1975 that began in Minnesota and run with local and state governments that pass a smoke-free indoor or indoor air law. In 1999, all 50 US states and the District of Columbia had several public smoking restrictions. Currently, 26 countries have implemented comprehensive "non-smoking" laws that prohibit smoking in workplaces, restaurants and bars and other public areas.
However, while many countries have laws that apply to ensure public areas are smoke-free, children mainly receive most of their exposure while at home, in private spaces.
An exposure assessment study conducted by the Lawrence Berkeley National laboratory found that 80% to 90% of the tobacco cigarettes burned were adsorbed on the surface. It has been shown that the deposited nicotine can be absorbed or resuspended from a surface that is not cleaned and absorbed or redepocytes elsewhere, including previously cleaned surfaces.
According to the website of the United States human rights organization, "Parents, landlords, business owners, and others should be aware of the health risks of being exposed to third-party cigarette smoke and realize that eliminating smoking is the only way to protect against tobacco smoke contamination. " This concept is referred to as the "necessity of termination" in the 2017 paper; the only way to protect people from exposure to secondhand smoke is for smokers to quit smoking because smoking in a place where others are not present can expose people to cigarette smoke contaminants.
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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