The 1999 Oklahoma tornado tornado is a significant tornado outbreak that generates the highest wind speed ever recorded on Earth, 301 Ã, Â ± 20 mph (484 Ã, Â ± 32Ã, km/h). It happens in many parts of Central and parts of the Eastern United States. During this week's event, 154 tornadoes were touched (including one in Canada), more than half on May 3 and 4 when activity peaked in Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Texas and Arkansas.
The most significant tornado first touched southwest Chickasha, Oklahoma, and became F5 before disappearing near Midwest City. The tornado ripped through southern and eastern Oklahoma City and its suburbs from Bridge Creek, Moore, Del City, Tinker Air Force Base and Midwest City, killing 36 people, destroying more than 8,000 homes, and causing $ 1.5 billion damage. With a total of 72 tornadoes, it is the most productive tornado outbreak in Oklahoma history, though not the most deadly.
Video 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak
Sinopsis meteorologi
The outbreak was caused by a strong upper trough that moved to the Central and Southern Plains states on the morning of May 3. That morning, low stratus clouds spread most of Oklahoma, with clear skies along the west and dry lines located from Gage to Childress, Texas. Air temperature at 7:00 am Central Day Time ranges from mid to 60s  ° F (10s to near 20  ° C) across the region, while dew point values ​​range in low to mid 60s  ° F (mid upwards of 10s  ° C). The Storm Prediction Center (SPC) in Norman, Oklahoma, a division of the National Weather Service, initially took a bit of a risk of a lightning storm early that morning stretching from the Kansas-Nebraska border into southern Texas, with a dreaded threat. hail, destructive wind and tornadoes.
At the end of the morning, low cloud layers begin to disappear in front of the dry line, but during the day high cirrus clouds are widespread, producing sunlight filtered in some areas that cause destabilization of the atmosphere. Sunlight and heating, combined with abundant low-level humidity, is combined to produce a highly unstable air mass. The upper air balloon sounds in the direction of the wind shear, the cooling temperature at high atmospheric levels, and the potential increase in CAPE value potentially exceeds 4000 J/kg, a level considered favorable for supercells and tornadoes.
Since observations and forecasts began to show the possibility of increasing widespread bad weather conditions even more favorable to strong tornadoes, the SPC issued moderate risks from bad weather at 11:15 AM CDT for parts of Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas along and near Interstate 40 corridors. At 3:00 pm CDT, it was already evident that the adverse weather events were imminent; The Hurricane Prediction Center increases the location in moderate risk areas to high risk of bad weather around 4:00 pm. CDT as a wind shear profile, combined with volatile atmospheric conditions, has created conditions that are highly conducive to significant tornado events in much of Oklahoma, southern Kansas and northern Texas, including the possibility of destructive and destructive tornadoes. The SPC took out a tornado watch in mid-afternoon when conditions gathered together for what would become a historic tornado outbreak. As the storm began to develop in the late afternoon, the CAPE value above the area had reached close to 6,000 J/kg. A massive supercell storm developed and in the late afternoon until midnight Monday, tornadoes began to occur throughout the state.
Maps 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak
The famous tornado
- Note : The above count refers to the remainder of the plague, not just the ones confirmed in Oklahoma.
Bridge Creek-Moore, Oklahoma
Around 3:30 pm CDT, a severe storm began to form in Tillman County in southwest Oklahoma; a severe lightning storm warning was issued for this storm by the Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Norman at 4:15 pm. CDT. The storm quickly developed the supercell characteristics and began to exhibit tornadic rotational potential, resulting in the National Weather Service issuing the first tornado warning from the show to Comanche, Caddo and Grady County about 35 minutes later at 4:50 pm. CDT.
The first tornado of this supercell touched 7 miles (11 km) northeast of Medicine Park at 4:31 am. CDT; it produced four additional tornadoes when it was tracked northeast to Caddo County, the strongest (rated as F3) touching 2 miles (3.2 km) southwest-southwest of Laverty and disappearing 2.5 miles (4.0 km) west-northwest from downtown Chickasha. This huge tornado has shown a companion satellite tornado for several minutes.
The storm produced the most significant tornado of the plague, which touches only the southwestern Grady County community of Amber at 6:23 pm. CDT and headed northeast, parallel to Interstate 44, just after another tornado passes through the airport in Chickasha. The storm continues to move northeast, destroying the Bridge Creek community and crossing I-44 north of Newcastle. The tornado then crossed the Canadian River, past southern Oklahoma City. When Doppler On Wheels Doppler weather radar detects wind speed of 302 Ã,  ± 20 mph (486 Ã,  ± 32 km/h) inside a tornado at a height of 105Ã, ft (32 m). However, this wind occurs on the ground, and the wind on the surface may not be so strong. The tornado continues into Moore, then passes the intersection of Shields Boulevard and Interstate 35 and returns to Oklahoma City, crossing Interstate 240 near Bryant Avenue. The storm then changed further north, the striking part of Del City and Tinker Air Force Base near Sooner Road as F4. The storm destroys and/or destroys some businesses, homes and churches in the Midwest City. Some damage in this area is rated as high-end F4, although F5 is considered. Tornadoes were reduced in Midwest City and eventually lifted near the intersection of Reno Avenue and Woodcrest Drive.
36 people were killed in this tornado, and more than 8,000 homes were severely damaged or destroyed. The tornado caused $ 1 billion damage, making it the second most expensive tornado in US history, and the most expensive in history from 1999 to 2011, at which point it was surpassed by the Tuscaloosa-Birmingham tornado 2011 and again by the 2011 Joplin tornado. It was also the deadliest tornado that hit the United States since the April 10, 1979 F4 tornado that crashed into Wichita Falls, Texas, killing 42 people.
Cimarron-Mulhall-Perry City, Oklahoma
Late on May 3 at 9:25 pm CDT, a devastating tornado touched 3 miles (4.8 km) southwest of Cimarron City in Logan County, Oklahoma, eventually crashed into the town of Mulhall, located north of Guthrie. This tornado wedge, which is traced along 35 miles (56 km), is very wide and sometimes exceeds one mile (1.6 km) in width. According to the pursuit of storm meteorologist Roger Edwards, it may be as violent or over the F5 Bridge Creek-Moore tornado (however, officially rated as F4).
A Doppler On Wheels (DOW) moving radar observes this tornado as it crosses Mulhall. DOW documented the largest circulation of core flows ever observed at a distance of 1,600 m (5,200 ft) between peak velocities on both sides of the tornado, and approximately 7 km (4.3 mi) of wind peak width exceeding 43 m/s (96 mph) , making the tornado of the largest Mulhall tornado ever measured quantitatively. DOW measures a complex multi-vortex structure, with multiple wind-filled vortices of up to 115 m/s (260 mph) rotating around the tornado. The 3D structure of a tornado has been analyzed in a 2005 article in the Journal of Atmospheric Sciences by Wen-Chau Lee and Joshua Wurman. Tornadoes are severely damaged or destroy about 60-70% of 130 homes in Mulhall, destroying the Mulhall/Orlando Elementary School and dropping the city's water tower.
After the whirlwind disappeared around 10:45. CDT in southeast Noble County, 3 miles (4.8 km) northeast of Perry, many of the same areas in Logan County hit by a tornado of Mulhall were hit again by an F3 tornado produced by a separate supercell that touched 2.5 miles (4.0 km ) south of Crescent at 11:33 pm CDT. The damage caused by this tornado can not be distinguished from the damage caused by the previous F4 tornado. 25 houses were destroyed and 30 houses damaged near Crescent, with much damage believed to be caused by both tornadoes.
Stroud, Oklahoma
At 10:10 pm CDT, a devastating tornado touched 3 miles (4.8 km) north-northeast of Sparks in Lincoln County, Oklahoma, with sporadic tree damage only occurring as it traced north-northeast to Davenport. The spreading damage from high end F0 to low F1 intensity occurs in some homes and businesses on the southeast side of Davenport, although a house located south of the city loses more than half its roof. As the tornado proceeded to the northeast, parallel to Interstate 44 and State Highway 66, Stroud was hit by a direct attack when the storm rose to a power of F2; the truck terminal from the Sygma food distribution warehouse on the west side of the city was destroyed with several girder and siding from a warehouse thrown to the northwest through State Highway 66, and Stroud City Hospital suffered significant roof damage, resulting in significant water damage inside the building. The most severe damage, consistent with the F3 tornado, occurred at Tanger Outlet Mall at 10:39 pm. CDT with almost all stores suffered minimal roof damage, although part of the seven storefronts was destroyed and the exterior wall of the Levi store collapsed into. The mall was evacuated before the tornado, so there was no injury or loss of life inside the building. The Tornado finally disappeared 1 mile (1.6 km) south of Stroud Lake at 11:48 pm. CDT.
Although there were no overall casualties in Stroud, the economic impact of a tornado has been compared to the loss of the Tinker Air Force Base, General Motors, and the main regional hospital for the Stroud area compared to Oklahoma City at the time. About 800 jobs lost within the community of about 3,400 people due to damage to the Sygma distribution warehouse and Tanger Outlet Mall, nothing rebuilt. The restoration of Stroud was further complicated by the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, although the city has recovered as a result of higher oil and gas prices. Local leading industries include Service King, oilfield manufacturing facilities, and Mint Turbines, reconditioned helicopter engine facilities. Stroud is also now the location of a download facility for oil produced in the northern United States to the Cushing pipeline.
Other tornado
The May tornado event is part of a three-day event that includes tornadoes in the states of Kansas, Texas and Tennessee. A deadly F4 tornado tracked 24 miles (39 km) south-central Kansas killed six people in Haysville and Wichita during the final night of May 3. Other casualties during the event included one person killed in Texas on May 4 by a traceable F3 tornado 71.5 miles (115.1 km) from nearby Winfield, Texas, southwest of Mineral Springs, Arkansas, and three people were killed in Tennessee on May 5 and 6 by the F4 tornado that struck the town of Linden.
Non-tornadic event
A flash flood killed one person in Camden County, Missouri, on May 4. On May 6, lightning struck and killed a man in Cobbtown, Georgia.
Aftermath
Disaster help
On May 3-4, a day after the initial outbreak, President Bill Clinton signed a federal disaster declaration for eleven counties of Oklahoma. In a press statement by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), then director James Lee Witt stated that "the President is deeply concerned about the tragic loss of life and destruction caused by this devastating storm." The American Red Cross opened ten shelters overnight, housing 1,600 people immediately after the disaster, reduced to 500 by 5 May. On May 5, several emergency response and damage assessment teams from FEMA were deployed to the region. The US Department of Defense deployed Technical Battalion 249 and placed the US Army Engineer Corps in standby for assistance. The medical team and the morgue were also sent by the US Department of Health and Human Services. On May 6, donation centers and phone banks were set up to create funds for tornado victims. Within the first few days of the disaster declaration, relief funds were sent to relatives seeking help. Approximately $ 180,000 was approved by FEMA for disaster housing assistance on 9 May.
The rubble removal began on May 12 when seven cleaning teams were sent to the region with more teams expected to join over the next few days. On that day, FEMA also gave seven areas of Oklahoma (Canada, Craig, Grady, Lincoln, Logan, Noble, and Oklahoma) to get federal financial help. Approximately $ 1.6 million of disastrous funds were approved for housing and business loans on May 13, rising to over $ 5.9 million over the next five days. Applications for federal assistance continued through June, with state aid approval reaching $ 54 million by June 3. According to FEMA, more than 9,500 Oklahoma residents applied for federal assistance during the period allocated in the wake of the tornado, including 3,800 in Oklahoma County and 3,757 in Cleveland County. Disaster recovery assistance for tornadoes reached about $ 67.8 million on July 2.
Worries about overpassing as storm shelters
From a meteorological and security standpoint, the tornado questioned the use of the overpass as a shelter from a tornado. Prior to the event on May 3, 1999, video of people taking refuge on the overpass during past tornadoes (such as the famous video of 26 April 1991 tornado outbreak taken by NFS affiliate news crew from Wichita NBC) created a public misconception and complacency that the way kites provide adequate protection from tornadoes. Although meteorologists have questioned the security of this structure for nearly 20 years, there is no evidence to support incidents involving casualties. Three overpasses were directly attacked by a tornado during the May 3 outbreak, resulting in casualties at each location. Two occurred as a result of Bridge Creek-Moore F5, while the third occurred in the rural area of ​​Payne County, which was hit by the F2 tornado. According to a study by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, seeking refuge on a flyover "is a stationary target for flying debris"; the effect of wind distribution occurring in this structure along with an increase in wind speed above the soil surface, changes in wind direction when tornado whirls pass, and the fact that most overpass has no girder board for people to shel between also provides little or no protection.
See also
- Climate Oklahoma City
- List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
- Tornado 1999
- Ultimate Tornado (documentary)
References
External links
- May 3, 1999 Tornado Oklahoma Special Report - The Oklahoman
- Great Plains Outbreak of 1999 Tornado History Project
- The Great Plains Tornado Outbreak 3-4 May 1999 (National Weather Service, Norman, Oklahoma)
- The May 3, 1999 Oklahoma Tornadoes (David Schultz, CIMMS)
- The location of Google Maps Stroud, Oklahoma, with many former Tanger Outlet Mall bulldozers on the top left of the screen, just north of Interstate 44
- May 3rd Part of Oklahoma Special Tornado video from KOCO-TV Moore, Oklahoma Tornado Photos, May 1999 Moore Air Photos of Oklahoma taken three days after May 3, 1999, tornado
- Anastassia M., Makarieva; Gorshkov, Victor G.; Nefiodov, Andrei V. (2012). "The condensation theory of stationary tornadoes". Physics Letter A . 375 (24): 2259-2261. arXiv: 1208.2580 . Bibcode: 2011PhLA..375.2259M. doi: 10.1016/j.physleta.2011.04.023.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments