Hurricane Katrina is a very destructive and deadly Category 5 storm that caused devastating damage along the Gulf coast from central Florida to Texas, largely due to storm surges and dike embankments. Severe property damage occurred in coastal areas, such as the coastal city of Mississippi where casino boats and barges crashed into buildings, pushing cars and houses in the interior; water reaches 6-12 miles (10-19 km) from the beach. The storm was the third strongest tropical storm that landed, behind the 1935 Labor storm and Camille Storm in 1969. Overall, at least 1,833 people were killed in the next hurricane and flood, making it the deadliest US storm since 1928. Okeechobee hurricane. Total property damage is estimated at $ 125 billion (2005 USD), about four times the damage inflicted by Cyclone Andrew in 1992 in the United States, and is associated with Hurricane Harvey in 2017 as the most expensive tropical storm recorded.
The storm came from the Bahamas on August 23, 2005, from the merging of tropical waves and the remnants of the Tropical Depression Ten. The next day, a new tropical depression escalated into Tropical Storm Katrina. Tropical cyclones are generally heading west to Florida, and reinforced into a typhoon just two hours before landing at Hallandale Beach and Aventura, on August 25th. After a very brief split into a tropical storm, Katrina emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on Aug. 26 and began rapidly deepening. The storm was reinforced into Category 5 hurricanes over the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico, but weakened before making a second landing as Category 3 hurricane on Aug. 29 in southeast Louisiana. When Katrina made the landing, the right front quadrant, which held the strongest wind, hit Gulfport, Mississippi, destroyed it.
More than fifty violations in the New Orleans cyclone protection were the cause of the majority of deaths and devastations during Katrina on August 29, 2005. Finally 80% of cities and large canals from neighboring parishes became flooded, and floods flowed for weeks. According to modeling exercises conducted by the US Army Engineer Corps (USACE), two thirds of deaths in Greater New Orleans are due to flood embankments and flood failures. All major studies conclude that the USACE, the designers and builders of the embankment system as mandated by the Flood Control Act of 1965, are responsible. This is mainly due to the decision to use a shorter buildup of steel sheets in an effort to save money. In January 2008, Judge Stanwood Duval, US District Court, ruled that despite the Corps' role in the flood, the agency could not be held accountable for its sovereign immunity in the Flood Control Act of 1928. Exactly ten years after Katrina, J David Rogers, from a new report in the official World Water Council journal concludes that flooding during Katrina "can be prevented if the corps is holding the external review board to re-examine its flood wall design."
There were also inquiries from federal, state and local government responses, which resulted in the resignation of Federal Emergency Management Director (FEMA) Michael D. Brown, and of New Orleans (NOPD) Inspector Eddie Compass. Many other government officials were criticized for their response, especially New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin, Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco, and President George W. Bush. Some agencies including the US Coast Guard (USCG), the National Hurricane Center (NHC), and the National Weather Service (NWS) are praised for their actions. NHC provides accurate storm forecasts with sufficient waiting time.
Video Hurricane Katrina
Riwayat meteorologi
Hurricane Katrina was formed as the Twelve Tropical Depression over southeastern Bahamas on August 23, 2005, as a result of the interaction between the tropical waves and the remnants of the Tropical Depression Ten. The storm was reinforced into Tropical Storm Katrina on the morning of 24 August. Tropical storms move towards Florida, and become a storm just two hours before making landfall between Hallandale Beach and Aventura on the morning of 25 August. The storm weakened on the mainland, but it gained the status of a storm about an hour after entering the Gulf of Mexico, and it continued to strengthen above open waters. On August 27, the storm reached Category 3 Intensity on the Saffir-Simpson windstorm, becoming the third major storm of the season. The eyewall replacement cycle interferes with intensification, but causes the storm to nearly double. The storm quickly increased after entering the Gulf, evolving from Category 3 hurricanes to Category 5 storms in just nine hours. This rapid growth is due to the storm movement over the incredibly warm "Looping" waters.
Katrina reached Category 5 status on the morning of August 28 and reached its peak power at 1800 UTC that day, with a maximum wind speed of 175 mph (280 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 902 mbar (26.6 inHg). Pressure measurements made Katrina the fifth greatest Atlantic storm on record at the time, only to be surpassed by Hurricanes Rita and Wilma in the next season; it was also the strongest storm ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico at the time. However, this record was later broken by Hurricane Rita. The storm subsequently weakened due to another eyewall replacement cycle, and Katrina made a second landing at 1110 UTC on August 29 as a Category 3 hurricane with continuous winds of 125 mph (205 km/h) near Buras-Triumph, Louisiana. On land, a storm-force wind is extended out 120 miles (190 km) from the center and the storm's central pressure is 920 mbar (27 in HG). After moving in southeast Louisiana and Breton Sound, it makes a third landing near the Louisiana-Mississippi border with 120 mph (190 km/h) of continuous wind, still in Category 3 intensity. Katrina retained her power well into Mississippi, eventually losing a storm force over 150 miles (240 km) inland near Meridian, Mississippi. It was downgraded to a tropical depression near Clarksville, Tennessee, but the last remaining remains are distinguished in the Great Lakes region east on August 31, when absorbed by the frontal boundary. The resulting extratropical storm moved quickly to the affected east-east of eastern Canada.
Maps Hurricane Katrina
Preparation
Federal Government
The Coast Guard of the United States began to prioritize resources in a ring around the expected impact zone and activated more than 400 reserves. On August 27, he moved his personnel out of the New Orleans area before a mandatory evacuation. Aircrews from the Flight Training Center, in Mobile, launched a rescue plane from Texas to Florida. All planes return to the Gulf of Mexico on the afternoon of 29 August. The crew, many of whom lost their homes during the storm, embarked on a day-night rescue effort in New Orleans, and along the coastline of Mississippi and Alabama.
US President George W. Bush declared a state of emergency in certain areas of Louisiana, Alabama and Mississippi on August 27. "On Sunday, August 28, President Bush talked with Governor Blanco to encourage him to order the mandatory evacuation of New Orleans." However, during testimony by former head of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Michael Brown before the US House subcommittee on September 26, The buyer (R-IN) asked why President Bush's statements about the August 27 emergency situation did not include the coastal parish of Orleans, Jefferson, and Plaquemines. The declaration actually excludes Louisiana beach parishes, while coastal areas are included in the declarations for Mississippi and Alabama. Brown testified that this was because Governor Louisiana Blanco did not include the parishes in initial requests for help, a decision he found "shocking." After the trial Blanco released a copy of his letter, indicating that he had requested assistance for "all parishes in the southeast including New Orleans City" and specifically mentioned 14 parishes, including Jefferson, Orleans, St. Bernard, and Plaquemines.
Voluntary and obligatory evacuations are issued for large areas of southeastern Louisiana as well as coastal Mississippi and Alabama. Approximately 1.2 million inhabitants on the Gulf Coast are covered in voluntary or mandatory evacuation orders.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
On the afternoon of August 26, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) noticed that Katrina had not turned toward the Florida Panhandle and finally revised the predicted storm path from a diversion to the Mississippi coast. The National Weather Service Office of New Orleans/Baton Rouge issued a very vivid bulletin on August 28, predicting that the area would be "uninhabitable for weeks" after "devastating damage" caused by Katrina, who at that time rivaled the intensity Hurricane Camille. During a videoconference involving the president on that day and on August 29, NHC director Max Mayfield expressed concern that Katrina may be pushing her storm surge above the city flood embankment and wall. At one conference, he stated, "I do not think anyone can tell you confidently now whether the embankment will be topped or not, but that is definitely a very, very big deal." In addition, the National Hurricane Center issued many tropical cyclone warnings and watches throughout Katrina's duration:
Florida and the Gulf Coast
In Florida, Governor Jeb Bush declared a state of emergency on August 24 before Hurricane Katrina. The following day, the Florida Emergency Operations Center was activated in Tallahassee to monitor the progress of the storm. Before Katrina moved to land, schools and businesses were closed in the Miami area. The cruise ships changed their lanes because the harbor in southeast Florida closes. Officials in the Miami-Dade District advise residents in mobile homes or with special needs to evacuate. To the north in Broward County, residents to the east of the Intracoastal Waterway or in a car house are advised to leave their homes. Evacuation orders were issued for offshore islands in Palm Beach County, and for residents in a mobile home south of Lantana Road. In addition, mandatory evacuation is mandated for vulnerable housing in Martin County. Shelters opened across the region. Officials shut down Miami International Airport, Fort Lauderdale - Hollywood International Airport, Key West International Airport, and Florida Marathon Keys Airport due to the storm. In Monroe and Collier areas, schools were closed, and shelters opened in Immokalee.
On August 28, Alabama Governor Bob Riley declared a state of emergency to approach Hurricane Katrina. On the same day, he called on President Bush to declare "speed up the catastrophic declaration" for six southern Alabama counties, which were quickly approved. Three hundred and fifty national guards were called on duty on 30 August. The state of Mississippi activated its National Guard on August 26 for the preparation of a storm landing. In addition, the state government activated the Emergency Operations Center the next day, and the local government began issuing evacuation orders. At 6 pm CDT on 28 August, 11 districts and cities issued an evacuation order, a figure that increased to 41 districts and 61 cities the next morning. In addition, 57 emergency shelters were established in coastal communities, with 31 additional shelters available to open if needed.
On Sunday, August 28, most of the infrastructure along the Gulf Coast has been closed, including all rail traffic and Amtrak to evacuation areas and the Waterford Nuclear Power Station.
Louisiana
In Louisiana, the state storm evacuation plan called for local authorities in areas along and near the coast to evacuate in three phases, starting with a direct beach 50 hours before a tropical storm breeze begins. People in the designated area of ​​Phase II began evacuating 40 hours before the onset of tropical storm winds and people in Phase III (including New Orleans) sought refuge 30 hours before the start of the wind. Many private care facilities that depend on the bus company and the ambulance service for evacuation can not evacuate their costs because they wait too long. Louisiana's Emergency Operations Plan Supplement 1C (Part II, Part II, Paragraph D) calls for school use and other public buses in evacuation. Although later flooded buses were available to transport those who rely on public transport, not enough bus drivers were available to drive it when Governor Blanco did not sign an emergency release letter to allow licensed drivers to transport refugees on school buses.
On August 26th, the possibility of an unprecedented disaster has already been considered. Many computer models have altered the Katrina potential lane 150 miles (240 km) west of the Florida Panhandle, putting New Orleans city right in the middle of their path probability; the probability of a direct hit is estimated at 17%, with the probability of a strike rising to 29% on August 28. This scenario is considered a potential disaster because some parts of New Orleans and metro areas are below sea level. Because the storm surge generated by the right front quadrant (containing the strongest winds) is predicted to be 28 feet (8.5 m), while the embankment offers protection up to 23 feet (7.0 m), emergency management officials in New Orleans. fearing that a storm surge could hit the top of the embankment that protects the city, causing massive flooding.
At a press conference at 10 am on August 28, shortly after Katrina was upgraded to Category 5 storm, New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin ordered the first mandatory evacuation in the city, calling Katrina "a storm most of us have long been afraid of.". "The city government also established some" final resting places "for residents who can not leave the city, including the large Louisiana Superdome, which protects about 26,000 people and feed them and water for several days when the storms come ashore.Some estimates suggest that 80% of the 1.3 million residents in the larger New Orleans metropolitan area were evacuated, leaving far fewer people than staying in the city during the Hurricane Ivan evacuation.
Impact
On August 29, hurricane Katrina caused 53 violations of various flood protection structures in and around the greater New Orleans area, drowning 80% of the city. A June 2007 report by the American Society of Civil Engineers showed that two-thirds of the flooding was caused by several floods in the city. The storm also destroyed Mississippi and Alabama beaches, making Katrina one of the most destructive storms, the second deadliest natural disaster in US history, and the deadliest storm since the 1928 Hurricane Okeechobee. The total damage from Katrina is estimated at $ 125 billion (2005 dollars US).
The death toll from Katrina is uncertain, with hundreds of different reports. According to the National Hurricane Center, 1,836 deaths can be attributed to storms: 1 in Kentucky, 2 each in Alabama, Georgia, and Ohio, 14 in Florida, 238 in Mississippi, and 1,577 in Louisiana. However, 135 people remain categorized as missing in Louisiana, and many indirect deaths, but it is almost impossible to determine the exact cause of some of the fatalities. A 2008 report by the journal Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness shows that 966 deaths could be directly attributed to storms in Louisiana, including out of state evacuations, and 20 indirectly (such as gun-related deaths and gas poisoning). Due to the uncertain cause of death with 454 refugees, the upper limit of 1,440 is recorded in the paper. A follow-up study by the Louisiana Health & amp; The hospital determined that the storm was directly responsible for 1,170 fatalities in Louisiana.
The federal disaster declaration covers 90,000 square miles (230,000 km 2 ) from the United States, an area almost as large as the United Kingdom. The storm caused about three million people without electricity. On September 3, 2005, Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff described the effects of Hurricane Katrina as "perhaps the worst disaster, or series of disasters," in the country's history, referring to the storm itself plus the New Orleans flood.
Even in 2010, debris remains in some coastal communities.
Florida, Bahamas and Cuban
Hurricane Katrina first made landfall between Hallandale Beach and Aventura, Florida on 25 August. The storm rained heavily in parts of the Miami metropolitan area, with a total peak of 16.43 at (417 mm) in Perrine. As a result, local floods occurred in Miami-Dade County, damaging about 100 homes. Further south in the Florida Keys, a tornado was triggered in Marathon on 26 August. The tornado damaged the hangar at the airport there and caused about $ 5 million damage. Rain caused floods, and a combination of rain and wind toppled trees and power lines, leaving 1.45 million people without electricity. Damage in South Florida is estimated at $ 523 million, largely as a result of crop damage. Twelve deaths occurred in South Florida, three of which were caused by fallen trees in Broward County, three from drowning in Miami-Dade County, three of which came from carbon monoxide poisoning caused by generators, one due to a vehicle accident, one occurring during ruins, debris. cleaning, and one attributed to a lack of electricity.
Significant impacts are also reported in the Florida Panhandle. Although Katrina moved ashore in Louisiana and Mississippi, her outer rim produced a storm surge of 5.37 feet (1.64 m) in Pensacola. High waves cause coastal erosion and close the nearest road. There are five tornadoes in the northwestern part of the country, although none of them cause significant damage. Throughout the Florida Panhandle, the storm generated about $ 100 million damage. There were two indirect victims from Katrina in Walton County due to a traffic accident. In Florida Panhandle, 77,000 customers lost power. Overall, the storm killed 14 people and caused at least $ 623 million in damages.
Before attacking South Florida, Katrina crosses the Bahamas as a tropical storm. However, minimal impacts are reported, with only "fresh wind" on various islands.
Although Hurricane Katrina remained well north of Cuba, on August 29 tropical storms brought storms and rainfall over 8 in (200 mm) to the western part of the island. The telephone and electricity lines were damaged and about 8,000 people were evacuated in Pinar del RÃÆ'o province. According to the Cuban television report, the coastal town of Surgidero de BatabanÃÆ'³ is 90% under water.
Louisiana
On August 29, Hurricane Katrina landed near Buras-Triumph, Louisiana, with 125 mph (200 km/h) wind, a strong Category 3 storm. However, having just weakened from the power of Category 4 and the large maximum wind radius, it is possible that the ongoing wind of the power of Category 4 briefly affected extreme south Louisiana. Although the storm surge east of the eye line in Mississippi is higher, a very significant wave affects the Louisiana coast. Wave height is uncertain due to lack of data, although the tidal meter at Plaquemines Parish shows a storm surge of more than 14 feet (4.3 m) and a 12-foot (3.7 m) storm surge recorded on the Grand Isle. Hurricane Katrina made the final landing near the mouth of the Pearl River, with the eyes straddling St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, and Hancock County, Mississippi, on the morning of August 29th around 9:45M CST.
Hurricane Katrina also brought heavy rains to Louisiana, with 8-10 inches (200-250 mm) falling in a wide swath of the eastern part of the state. In the area around Slidell, rainfall is even higher, and the highest recorded rainfall in the country is about 15 inches (380 mm). As a result of rainfall and storms, the Lake Pontchartrain level is rising and causing massive flooding along its northeast coast, affecting communities from Slidell to Mandeville. Several bridges were destroyed, including the I-10 Twin Span Bridge connecting Slidell to New Orleans. Nearly 900,000 people in Louisiana lost power due to Hurricane Katrina.
Hurricane Katrina flooded all parishes around Lake Pontchartrain, including St. John's. Tammany, Tangipahoa, St. John the Baptist, and St. John's Parish. Charles. St. Tammany Parish received a storm wave of two parts. The first wave comes when Lake Pontchartrain rises and the storm blows water from the Gulf of Mexico to the lake. The second came when Katrina's eyes passed, the west wind pushing the water into the congestion at Rigolets Pass, forcing her further inland. The range of surge rates east of St. Tammany Parish is estimated to be 13-16 feet (4.0-4.9 m), excluding wave action.
Parish St. The battered Bernard has been flooded for a breach of embankment containing a navigation channel called Gulf Outlet Gulf Mississippi (MR-GO) and a breach of 40 Arpent channel embankments designed and built by the Orleans Levee Council. The search for missing persons was done by the Fire Department. Bernard because the US Coast Guard's assets were transferred to New Orleans. A few months after the storm, much of the lost was tracked by searching flooded homes, tracking credit card records, and visiting family homes and relatives.
According to the US Department of Housing and Urban Development, at St. John's Parish. Bernard, 81% (20,229) housing units damaged. In St Tammany Parish, 70% (48,792) were damaged and in Placquemines Parish 80% (7,212) damaged.
In addition, the combined effect of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita is the destruction of approximately 562 square kilometers (217Ã, sqÃ, mi) of coastal wetlands in Louisiana.
New Orleans
As Hurricane Katrina's eyes swept northeast, it made the city storm for hours. Although electrical interference prevents accurate wind speed measurements in New Orleans, there are several measurements of hurricane wind power. From here the NHC concludes that it is likely that most cities experience sustained winds from the power of Category 1 or Category 2.
Hurricane Katrina caused 53 breaches of dikes in the federal dike system that protected the New Orleans metro and the failure of 40 Arpent Channel embankments. Nearly every embankment in New Orleans metro was violated when Hurricane Katrina passed east of the city limits. Failures occur in New Orleans and surrounding communities, especially St. John's Parish. Bernard. Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MR-GO) broke its levees in about 20 places, flooding much of eastern New Orleans, most of St. John's Parish. Bernard and East Bank of Plaquemines Parish. Major embankment breaches in the city include violations on the 17th Street Canal embankment, London Avenue Channel and the spacious and navigable Industrial Channel, which account for about 80% of flooded cities.
Most of the main roads in and out of the city were damaged. The only route out of town is Crescent City's westward connection and the Huey P. Long Bridge, as most of the Twin I-10 Twin Bridges heading east toward Slidell, Louisiana have collapsed. Both Lake Pontchartrain Causeway and Crescent City Connection carry only emergency traffic.
On August 29, at 7:40 am CDT time, it was reported that most of the windows on the north side of the Hyatt Regency New Orleans had been blown up, and many other high-rise buildings had extensive windows damage. The Hyatt is the most run-down hotel in town, with the bed reported flying out of the window. The insulation tube is exposed because the hotel's glass exterior is completely cut off.
The Superdome, which houses many people who have not been evacuated, suffered significant damage. Two parts of the roof of the Superdome are compromised and the impermeable membrane has essentially been peeled off. Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport closed before the storm but did not flood. On August 30, reopened for humanitarian and rescue operations. Limited commercial passenger services resumed at the airport on September 13 and regular carrier operations resumed in early October.
Allowing violations in New Orleans also caused a large number of deaths, with more than 700 bodies recovered in New Orleans on October 23, 2005. Some victims and refugees reported seeing bodies lying on city streets and floating in flooded parts, especially in the east city. The continued state of decomposition of many corpses, some of which were left in the water or the sun for days before being collected, blocked attempts by the coroner to identify many who died.
The first reported deaths from the city were reported shortly before midnight on August 28, when three elderly nursing patients died during evacuation to Baton Rouge, most likely due to dehydration. An estimated 215 bodies were recovered in nursing homes and hospitals in New Orleans, the largest number was at the Memorial Medical Center where 45 bodies were recovered. About 200 patients at Charity Hospital were not evacuated until Friday 2 September, having no electricity or fresh water for five days. While there are also early reports of deaths in the midst of the chaos at the Superdome, only six confirmed deaths there, with four coming from natural causes, one from drug overdose, and one suicide. At the Convention Center, four bodies were recovered. One of the four is believed to be the result of the murder.
There is evidence that many prisoners were left in their cells during the storm, while the guards sought refuge. Hundreds of prisoners were then listed as "untold".
Mississippi
The Mississippi Bay Coast was severely damaged by the impact of Hurricane Katrina on August 29, causing 238 people dead, 67 missing, and billions of dollars in damages: bridges, barges, boats, docks, homes and cars washed into the mainland. Katrina traveled across the state, and after that, all 82 counties in Mississippi were declared a disaster area for federal assistance, 47 for full assistance.
After making a brief initial landing in Louisiana, Katrina had made his final landing near the state line, and the spies passed through the Bay St. towns. Louis and Waveland as Category 3 storms with a sustained wind of 120 mph (190 km/h). Katrina's strong right-front quadrant passes the western and central Mississippi coast, causing strong 27-foot (8.2 m) strong waves, which penetrate 6 miles (10 km) inland in many areas and up to 12 miles (19 km) inland along bay and river; in some areas, spikes across Interstate 10 for several miles. Hurricane Katrina brought strong winds to Mississippi, which caused significant tree damage throughout the state. The highest reported unofficial wind blow from Katrina is one of 135 mph (217 km/h) in Poplarville, in Pearl River County.
The storm also carries heavy rains with 8-10 inches (200-250 mm) falls in southwestern Mississippi and more than 4 inches (100 mm) rain falls in most states. Katrina caused eleven tornadoes in Mississippi on August 29, some of which damaged trees and power lines.
Battled by wind, rain and storm surges, some of the coastal environments are completely flat. Preliminary estimates by Mississippi officials calculated that 90% of the structures within half a mile of the shoreline were completely destroyed, and the storm surged 6 miles (10 km) inland in parts of the state coast. One apartment complex with about thirty residents seeking refuge in the collapse. More than half of the 13 casinos in the state, floated on a barge to comply with the Mississippi land-gambling law, were washed hundreds of meters into the ground by the waves.
A number of roads and bridges were washed away. On US Highway 90 along the Mississippi Bay Coast, two large bridges were completely destroyed: Bay St. bridge Louis-Pass Christian, and the Biloxi-Ocean Springs bridge. In addition, the eastern span of the I-10 bridge over the estuary of the Pascagoula River was damaged. In the weeks after the storm, with the connectivity of US Highway 90 coastal ruins, the traffic that runs parallel to the coast is reduced first to State Road 11 (parallel to I-10) then to the two lanes in the I-10 range remaining when it is opened.
The three coastal districts of the country are heavily influenced by the storm. Katrina waves are the most widespread, also highest, in documented US history; most areas of Hancock, Harrison and Jackson are flooded by storm surges, in all three cases affecting most of the population. Surge covered most of the lower parts of Hancock County, destroying coastal communities of Clermont Harbor and Waveland, many Bay St. Louis, and flows into the Jourdan River, flooding Diamondhead and Kiln. In Harrison County, Pass Christian is completely flooded, along with a narrow strip of land to the east along the coast, covering the cities of Long Beach and Gulfport; wider floods in communities such as D'Iberville, which borders on Back Bay. Biloxi, on a peninsula between Back Bay and the coast, was devastated, especially the low-lying Cad Cad Point area. In Jackson County, a storm surge flows across a wide river mouth, with a combined wave and a freshwater flood that cuts the county halfway. Remarkably, over 90% of Pascagoula, the eastern coastal city of Mississippi, and about 75 miles (120 km) east of Katrina land near the Louisiana-Mississippi border, are flooded from waves at the top of the storm. Other areas of Jackson County such as Porteaux Bay and the Gulf Hills were severely damaged with most being completely destroyed, and St. Martin was hit hard; Ocean Springs, Moss Point, Gautier and Escatawpa also experienced major spike damage.
Mississippi Emergency Management Agency officials also recorded deaths in the Forrest, Hinds, Warren, and Leake areas. More than 900,000 people across the country are experiencing power outages.
Southeastern United States
Although Hurricane Katrina made landfall well to the west, Alabama and the Florida Panhandle were equally affected by tropical storm winds-storms and storm surges vary from 12 to 16 feet (3.7-4.9 m) around Mobile Bay, with waves higher above. A sustained wind of 67 mph (108 km/h) was recorded in Mobile, Alabama, and a storm surge there about 12 feet (3.7 m). The waves caused massive flooding several miles to the mainland along the Mobile Bay. Four tornadoes were also reported in Alabama. Boats, oil rigs, boats and fishing docks are washed along Bay Bay: the Caribbean Cars Ml V/i Caribbean Clipper and many of the inland fishing boats in Bayou La Batre.
An oil rig under construction along the River Bergerak destroyed its moorings and drifted 1.5 miles (2.4 km) north before crashing into Cochrane Bridge outside Mobile. No significant damage resulted in the bridge and soon reopened. The damage on Dauphin Island is very severe, with a spike that destroys many homes and cuts new canals through the western part of the island. An offshore oil platform is also earthed on the island. As in Mississippi, storm surges lead to significant coastal erosion along the coast of Alabama. More than 600,000 people lost power in Alabama due to Hurricane Katrina and two people were killed in a traffic accident in the state. Residents in some areas, such as Selma, have no electricity for several days.
North and central Georgia are affected by heavy rain and strong winds from Hurricane Katrina as storms move inland, with more than 3 inches (75 mm) of rain falling in some areas. At least 18 tornadoes were formed in Georgia on August 29, the most recorded in the state for one day in August. The most serious of these tornadoes are the F2 tornadoes that affect Heard County and Carroll County. This tornado causes three injuries and one death and damages several homes. Other tornadoes cause significant damage to buildings and agricultural facilities. In addition to the deaths caused by the F2 tornado, there are other deaths in traffic accidents.
Eastern Arkansas received light rain from the Katrina line. Strong winds uprooted several trees and power lines, although the damage was minimal. Katrina also caused a number of power outages in many areas, with more than 100,000 customers affected in Tennessee, especially in Memphis and Nashville areas.
Other US states and Canada
In Kentucky, a storm that has passed the previous weekend has resulted in flooding and rain from Katrina added to this. A 10-year-old girl drowned in Hopkinsville. Dozens of businesses were closed and several families were evacuated due to flooding of water. As a result of the flood, the Kentucky Governor, Ernie Fletcher, declared three disaster areas and state of emergency across the state. In addition, wind gusts up to 72 mph (116 km/h) resulted in some damage. Fallen trees and power grids are reported in some districts in western Kentucky, especially Calloway and Christian regions. Overall, more than 10,000 customers in western Kentucky experienced a power outage. The remains of Katrina gave birth to a tornado in Virginia, destroying at least 13 homes in Marshall. In addition, about 4,000 people lost electricity. More than 3Ã, (76Ã, mm) of rain fell in parts of West Virginia, causing local flooding in some districts. At least 103 houses and 7 buildings suffered water damage. A number of roads and bridges are flooded or drifted. The remains of Katrina produce high local rainfall in northeastern Ohio, ranging from about 2 to 4 in (51 to 102 mm). Many rivers and rivers overflowed their banks, forcing the closure of several roads, including Interstate 90 in Cleveland. Two deaths occurred due to a flood-related car accident in Huron County. In addition, hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged by the floods.
Katrina gave birth to five tornadoes in Pennsylvania, although none resulted in significant damage. Up to 5 Â ° at (130 mm) rain falls in western New York. Strong winds also left about 4,500 people in Buffalo without electricity. The remains of Katrina carry 3 to 6 in (76 to 152 mm) of rain to parts of Massachusetts, causing flash floods in Bristol and Plymouth districts. Some roads were closed due to flooding puddles in Acushnet, Dartmouth, New Bedford, and Wareham, including Route 18 in New Bedford. A very minimal impact is reported in Rhode Island, with winds crashing into trees and two power lines in the town of Warwick. In Vermont, 2.5 in (64 mm) rain in Chittenden County caused a car to fly on Interstate 89, resulting in numerous car accidents. The storm carries 3 to 5 in (76 to 127 mm) rainfall to remote areas in Maine and up to 9 at (230 mm) near Patten. Some roads are flooded or drifted by overflowing rivers and rivers, including parts of Route 1 and Maine routes 11 and 159. Some of the structures and one parked vehicle are also affected by the waters. Winds of up to 60 mph (97 km/h) also impacted parts of Maine, cutting trees and causing power outages in Bar Harbor, Blue Hill, Dover-Foxcroft, Sedgwick Ridge and Sorrento.
In Canada, the remains of Katrina carry more than 3.94 in (100 mm) rainfall to many locations between the Niagara Peninsula and the Saint Lawrence River valley. Severe local floods occurred in Quebec, forcing the evacuation of dozens of homes in some communities as rivers began to overflow and their sewerage systems became overwhelmed by waves of rainfall. Stripped and swept streets, including Routes 138 along the north coast of the Saint Lawrence River, Route 172 north of Tadoussac, and Route 385 near Forestville leave some isolated communities for at least a week.
Aftermath
Economic effects
The economic effects of the storm reached a high level. The Bush administration has asked for $ 105 billion for repairs and reconstruction in the region, which does not account for damage to the economy caused by potential oil supply disruptions, destruction of the Gulf of Mexico's highway infrastructure, and exports of commodities such as wheat. Katrina destroys or destroys 30 oil platforms and causes the closure of nine refineries; total closed oil production from the Gulf of Mexico within a period of six months after Katrina was approximately 24% of annual production and gas production closed for the same period was about 18%. The forestry industry in Mississippi is also affected, because 1.3 million hectares (5,300 km 2 ) of forest land are destroyed. The total loss for the forestry industry from Katrina is estimated to increase to about $ 5 billion. In addition, hundreds of thousands of local people are left unemployed. Before the storm, the region supported about a million non-agricultural jobs, with 600,000 of them in New Orleans. It is estimated that the total economic impacts in Louisiana and Mississippi could eventually exceed $ 150 billion. Forensic accountants are involved in the assessment of economic damage caused by this catastrophe.
Katrina moved over a million people from the shores of the central Gulf to elsewhere throughout the United States, becoming the largest diaspora in US history. Houston, Texas, has an increase of 35,000; Mobile, Alabama, earned over 24,000; Baton Rouge, Louisiana, more than 15,000; and Hammond, Louisiana, received more than 10,000, almost twice the size. Chicago, Illinois receives over 6,000 people, mostly from non-southern cities. By the end of January 2006, some 200,000 people had once again lived in New Orleans, less than half the pre-storm population. As of July 1, 2006, when the new population estimate was calculated by the US Census Bureau, the state of Louisiana showed a population decline of 219,563, or 4.87%. In addition, some insurance companies have stopped insuring homeowners in the area due to the high costs of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, or have raised their homeowners insurance premiums to cover their risks.
Environmental effects
Katrina also has a major impact on the environment. Storm surges cause large coastal erosion, in some cases completely destructive coastal areas. On Dauphin Island (barrier island), approximately 90 miles (140 km) east of the point where the storm made landfall, the sand consisting of the island was transported across the island to Mississippi Sound, pushing the island toward the mainland. The storm surge and waves from Katrina also damaged the Chandeleur Islands, which had been affected by Hurricane Ivan the previous year. The US Geological Survey estimates 217 m² (560 km 2 ) of land converted into water by hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Before the storms, sinks and erosions caused land loss in Louisiana's wetlands and bays. This, along with the canals built in the area, let Katrina take care of her intensity when attacked. The lost soil is a breeding ground for marine mammals, brown pelicans, turtles, and fish, and migratory species like red-hair ducks. Overall, about 20% of the local swamps are permanently controlled by water as a result of storms.
Damage from Katrina forced the closure of 16 National Wildlife Refugees. The Breton National Wildlife Reserve lost half its territory in a storm. As a result, hurricanes affect sea turtle habitats, Mississippi sand cranes, red-horned woodpeckers, and Alabama Beach mice.
Katrina also produces massive tree losses along the Gulf Coast, especially in the Louisiana'a Pearl River Basin and among the lowland hardwood forests. Prior to the storm, the standard death rate for trees in the area was 1.9%, but this interval increased to 20.5% by the end of 2006. The decrease in mortality as a result of the storm continued with rates up to 5% through 2011. This significant loss biomass causes greater damage and increased carbon emissions. For example, in 2006, the decline in biomass in underground hardwood forests contributed some carbon equivalent to about 140% of the average annual sinking of US carbon in forest trees.
The storm caused an oil spill from 44 facilities across southeastern Louisiana, producing more than 7 million US gallons (26,000 m 3 ) of leaking oil. Some spills are only a few hundred gallons and are mostly contained in locations, although some oil goes into ecosystems and residential areas. After the spill at the Murphy Oil refinery, for example, 1,800 homes are oiled in Chalmette and Meraux towns. Unlike Hurricane Ivan, no offshore oil spill is officially reported after Hurricane Katrina. However, Skytruth reported some signs of surface oil in the Gulf of Mexico.
Finally, as part of a cleanup effort, the flood waters covering New Orleans were pumped into Lake Pontchartrain, a process that took 43 days to complete. This residual water contains a mixture of raw wastes, bacteria, heavy metals, pesticides, toxic chemicals, and oils, which sparked fears in the scientific community about the large numbers of dying fish.
Rebuilding governance
Shortly after the storm moved on August 30, 2005, some New Orleans residents who remained in the city began looting shops. Many are looking for food and water that are not available to them through other means, as well as non-essential items. In addition, there are reports of car hijacking, murder, theft, and rape in New Orleans. Several sources then decided that many reports were inaccurate, overwhelming or completely wrong, leading the news agency to print a retraction.
Thousands of National Guards and federal troops are mobilized and shipped to Louisiana, with 7,841 in the area on 29 August, up to a maximum of 46,838 on September 10. A number of local law enforcement agencies from across the country are temporarily represented by the state. "They have M16 and are locked and loaded.This force knows how to shoot and kill and I think they will do it," said Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco. Congressman Bill Jefferson told ABC News: "There was a shooting, sniping in. During the first week of September, law and order gradually returned to the city." Several shootings occurred between the police and residents of New Orleans, some involving police abuse; including incidents that killed two unarmed civilians and injured others at the Danziger Bridge. Five former policemen pleaded guilty to allegations related to the shooting of the Danziger Bridge after the storm. Six former former officers or currently appear in court in June 2011.
Overall, a number of arrests were conducted across all affected areas, including some near the New Orleans Convention Center. A temporary prison was built from a chain enclosure in the New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal, the city's main railway station.
In West Virginia, where about 350 refugees are located, local officials take fingerprints to conduct criminal background checks on refugees. Background checks found that 45% of refugees had criminal records of some traits, and that 22% had violent criminal records. Media speculation sparked popular perception that displaced New Orleansers brought a wave of crime to the communities where they were relocated, but detailed studies of crime statistics in these communities do not reveal a significant increase in violent crime.
Government response
In the United States and as illustrated in the National Response Plan, response and disaster planning are first and foremost the responsibility of local governments. When the local government spends its resources, then asks for additional resources specific from the district level. The demand process takes place from county to state to federal government as additional resource needs are identified. Many problems arise from inadequate planning and backup communications systems at various levels.
Some disaster response responses to Katrina began before the storm, with the preparation of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) ranging from the deployment of logistics supplies to the morgue team with refrigerated trucks. A network of volunteers began to provide assistance to local residents and residents emerging from New Orleans and surrounding parishes as soon as the storm made landfall (though many were directed not to enter the area), and continued for more than six months after the storm.
Of the 60,000 people who were stranded in New Orleans, the Coast Guard saved more than 33,500 people. Congress acknowledged the Coast Guard response with official entry in the Congressional Record, and the Armed Forces were awarded a Quotation of Presidential Units.
The US North Command established the Jr. Shelby, Mississippi-based Campaign Joint Task Force (JTF) to act as a military response on the spot on Sunday, August 28, with US Army Lieutenant General Russell L. Honorà ©  © as commander. Around 58,000 National Guard personnel were activated to deal with the storm, with troops coming from 50 states. The Department of Defense also activates members of the Civil Air Patrol volunteers.
Michael Chertoff, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, decided to take over official federal, state and local operations on August 30, 2005, citing the National Response Plan. This was rejected by Governor Blanco indicating that his National Guard could arrange it. In early September, Congress provided a total of $ 62.3 billion in aid to the victims. In addition, President Bush called on the help of former presidents Bill Clinton and George HW Bush to raise additional voluntary contributions, as they did after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. The US flag was also ordered to be half staffed from September 2, 2005, to September 20 2005, to honor the victims.
FEMA provides housing assistance (rental assistance, trailers, etc.) To over 700,000 applicants - families and individuals. However, only a fifth of the requested trailers in Orleans Parish are supplied, resulting in a huge housing shortage in the city of New Orleans. Many local areas prefer not to allow trailers, and many areas have no utility, requirement before installing trailers. To provide additional housing, FEMA has also paid hotel fees of 12,000 people and families transferred by Katrina until February 7, 2006, when the deadline is set to end the cost coverage of the hotel. After this deadline, refugees are still eligible to receive federal assistance, which can be used either for rental of apartments, additional hotel stays, or repairing their destroyed homes, even though FEMA no longer pays the hotel directly. As of March 30, 2010, there are still 260 families living in trailers provided by FEMA in Louisiana and Mississippi.
Law enforcement and public security agencies, from across the United States, responded "mutually helpful" to Louisiana and New Orleans in the weeks after the disaster. Many agencies respond with remote labor and equipment such as California, Michigan, Nevada, New York, and Texas. This response was welcomed by the Louisiana local authorities because their staff became tired, too thin, or even quit the job.
Two weeks after the storm, more than half of the state was involved in providing shelters for evacuations. At four weeks after the storm, refugees have been registered in all 50 states and in 18,700 zip codes - half of the country's housing zones. Most refugees live within 250 miles (400 km), but 240,000 households go to Houston and other cities over 250 miles (400 km) and 60,000 other households go over 750 miles (1,200 km).
Criticism of government response
Critics of the government's response to Hurricane Katrina consisted primarily of criticism of mismanagement and lack of leadership in relief efforts in response to storms and their aftermath. More specifically, critics focused on the delayed response to the New Orleans flood, and the subsequent state of chaos in the city. The neologism of Katrinagate was created to refer to this controversy, and was runner-up for "the 2005 word of the year."
Within days of the Katrina landing on August 29, a public debate emerged about the role of local, state and federal governments in the preparation and response to the storm. Criticism was initially driven by pictures of shockingly frustrated political and frustrated political figures, and people who remained stranded by flood waters without water, food or shelter. Death due to thirst, fatigue, and violence a few days after the storm passed has sparked criticism, such as the refugee dilemma at facilities such as the Louisiana Superdome and the New Orleans Civic Center. Some people suspect that race, class, and other factors can cause delays in government responses. For example, during the Concert for Hurricane Help, a charity concert for storm victims, rapper Kanye West veered off the script and strongly criticized the government's response to the crisis, stating that "George Bush does not care about blacks."
In accordance with federal law, President George W. Bush directed Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, Michael Chertoff, to coordinate the Federal response. Chertoff was appointed Michael D. Brown, head of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, as the Main Federal Official to lead the deployment and coordination of all federal response resources and troops in the Gulf Coast region. However, the President and Secretary of Chertoff initially received strong criticism over what some perceived as lack of planning and coordination. Brown claims that Governor Blanco rejected their efforts and did not help. Governor Blanco and his staff denied this. Eight days later, Brown was summoned back to Washington and Coast Guard, Vice Admiral Thad W. Allen succeeded him as chief of a hurricane relief operation. Three days after the recall, Michael D. Brown resigned as FEMA director despite receiving recent praise from President Bush.
Politicians, activists, experts, and journalists also direct criticism to local and state governments led by Mayor Nagin of New Orleans and Governor Louisiana Blanco. Nagin and Blanco were criticized for failing to implement the evacuation plan of New Orleans and to order residents to the last shelter without provision for food, water, safety, or sanitary conditions. Perhaps the most important criticism of Nagin is that he delayed his emergency evacuation order to 19 hours before the landing, causing hundreds of deaths of people who could not find their way out of town.
The damage caused by Hurricane Katrina raises other more general public policy issues on emergency management, environmental policy, poverty, and unemployment. Discussions about immediate responses and broader public policy issues may have influenced elections and laws enacted at various levels of government. The devastation of the storm also prompted a Congressional inquiry, which found that FEMA and the Red Cross "lack the sophisticated logistical capacity to fully support a large number of casualties on the Gulf coast." In addition, he is responsible for disasters at all three levels of government. The ABC News poll conducted on September 2, 2005, shows more mistakes directed at state and local governments (75%) than in the Federal government (67%), with 44% blaming Bush's leadership directly. The CNN/USAToday/Gallup poll shows that respondents disagree broadly about who is to blame for problems in the city after the storm - 13% say Bush, 18% say federal agents, 25% blame state or local officials and 38% say no there is to blame. A pool of Louisiana Republicans in 2013 found more (29%) blame Barack Obama for his poor federal response to the storm than George W. Bush (28%), despite the fact that Bush was actually president during the storm and Obama was only a junior senator.
International response
More than seventy countries promise monetary donations or other assistance. Cuba and Venezuela (both considered enemies of US government interest) were the first countries to offer aid, pledged more than $ 1 million, some mobile hospitals, water treatment plants, canned food, bottled water, heating oil, 1,100 doctors and 26.4 metric tons of drugs, although this aid was rejected by the US government. Kuwait makes the biggest single promise, $ 500 million; other major contributions were made by Qatar and United Arab Emirates ($ 100 million each), South Korea ($ 30 million), Australia ($ 10 million), India, China (both $ 5 million), New Zealand ($ 2 million ), Pakistan ($ 1.5 million)), Norway ($ 1.8 million), and Bangladesh ($ 1 million).
India sends tarps, blankets, and cleaning supplies. The Indian Air Force IL-76 aircraft delivered 25 tons of relief supplies for Hurricane Katrina victims at the Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas, on September 13, 2005.
Israel sent an IDF delegation to New Orleans to transport relief equipment including 80 tons of food, disposable diapers, beds, blankets, generators and ancillary equipment donated from various government agencies, civil institutions and IDF. The Bush administration announced in mid-September that it needed no Israeli divers and doctors to come to the United States for a search and rescue mission, but a small team landed in New Orleans on Sept. 10 to provide assistance to the ongoing operations. The team provided first aid to the survivors, rescued the abandoned pets and found the victims of the storm.
Countries like Sri Lanka, still recovering from the Indian Ocean Tsunami, also offer assistance. Countries including Canada, Mexico, Singapore and Germany send supplies, relief personnel (such as Technisches Hilfswerk), troops, boats and water pumps to aid disaster recovery. Belgium sent a team of relief personnel. British donation of 350,000 emergency food did not reach the victims because of the law on mad cow disease. Russia's initial bid for two jets was rejected by the US State Department but was received later. The French offer was also rejected and requested later.
Non-governmental organization responses
American Red Cross, Second Harvest America (now known as Feeding America), Southern Baptist Convention, Salvation Army, Oxfam, Common Ground Collective, Burners Without Borders, Emergency Communities, Habitat for Humanity, Catholic Charities, Service International, "Hope River" The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and many other charitable organizations provide assistance to the victims of the storm. They were not allowed into New Orleans by the National Guard for a few days after the storm due to security concerns. These organizations raised donations worth US $ 4.25 billion by the public, with the Red Cross receiving more than half the donations. Some smaller organizations and individuals ignore access restrictions and provide early assistance. For example, two private chartered aircraft from FasterCures evacuated 200 patents from Charity Hospital in New Orleans.
Volunteers from the amateur radio emergency service wing, the Amateur Radio Emergency Service, provide communications in areas where communications infrastructure has been damaged or totally destroyed, broadcasting everything from 911 traffic to the message houses. In Hancock County, Mississippi, the ham radio operator provides the only communication into or out of the area, and even serves 911 dispatchers.
Many companies also contribute to the relief effort. On September 13, 2005, it was reported that the company's contribution to relief efforts was $ 409 million, and is expected to exceed $ 1 billion.
During and after Hurricane Katrina, Wilma and Rita, the American Red Cross has opened 1,470 shelters and recorded 3.8 million overnight stays. However, nothing is allowed in New Orleans. A total of 244,000 Red Cross workers (95% of whom were unpaid volunteers) were used in these three storms. In addition, 346,980 comfort kits (such as toothpaste, soap, washcloth and toys for children) and 205,360 cleaning kits (containing brooms, mops, and bleach) were distributed. For mass treatment, the organization serves 68 million snacks and meals for disaster victims and for rescuing workers. The Red Cross also has its Health Disaster services meeting 596,810 contacts, and Disaster Mental Health services meets 826,590 contacts. Red Cross emergency financial assistance was provided to 1.4 million families. Hurricane Katrina was the first natural disaster in the United States where the American Red Cross used the "Safe and Good" family site website.
In the year after Katrina's attack on the Gulf Coast, The Salvation Army allocated a donation of more than $ 365 million to serve more than 1.7 million people in almost every state. The organization's immediate response to Hurricane Katrina includes more than 5.7 million hot meals and about 8.3 million sandwiches, snacks and drinks served in and around New Orleans. The SATERN network of amateur radio operators takes the place of the last remaining modern communications to help find more than 25,000 survivors. Salvation Army pastoral counselors are available to entertain the emotional and spiritual needs of 277,000 individuals. As part of the overall effort, Salvation Army officials, volunteers and volunteers donated more than 900,000 hours of service.
Analysis of the New Orleans embankment embankment
On 5 April 2006, months after independent investigators have shown that the embankment failure is not caused by a force of nature beyond the intended design power, Lieutenant General Carl Strock, Chief Engineer and Commander of the Engineer Corps, testified before the US Senate Subcommittee on Energy and Water that "We have now concluded we have a problem with the design of the structure."
A June 2007 report released by the American Society of Civil Engineers determined that flood embankment failures and flood walls in New Orleans were found mainly due to system design and construction defects. The US Army Engineer Corps was federally mandated under the Flood Control Act of 1965 with responsibility for the conception, design and construction of flood control systems in the region. According to a report published in August 2015 in the official World Water Council journal, the corps misinterprets the research results of 1985 and mistakenly concluded that the sheets on the flood wall should be pushed to a depth of only 17 feet (5 m) instead of between 31 and 46 feet (9 and 14 m). The decision saves about US $ 100 million, but significantly reduces the reliability of the technique as a whole.
Other factors may have caused flooding. According to writer Catastrophe in the Making (Island Press, 2009), straight design and lack of outer flows into the Gulf allow the Mississippi River Channel Canal to be a "perfect short cut for marine intrusion" that damages buffering. cypress forests and wetlands that have historically protected New Orleans from storm surges. The Army Corps of Engineers builds and maintains a canal. Furthermore, according to storm surge researcher Hassan Mashriqui:
The storm surge pushing in shallow Borgne Lake from the east is limited by the MRGO embankment to the south and, to the north, by a long embankment of the Intracoastal Waterway (GIWW). Initially ten or more miles apart, these two channels met, and when they did, the waterworks between their dikes were squeezed into one channel - Funnel - only 260 yards wide, limited by a 14 foot to 16 foot embankment.... In concert with barren swamps, it could increase local storm surges that hit the Waterway Intracoastal by 20 percent to 40 percent - critical and fundamental defects.
The Engineer Corps denies this causation. Nonetheless, in June 2008, the New Orleans District Army Corps of Engineers submitted the Deep-Draft MRGO Deauthorization Study which stated that "the economic evaluation of the use of channel navigation does not indicate Federal interests in continuing operation and maintenance of the channel." Congress ordered MRGO to close as a direct result.
Many dikes have been rebuilt since the time of Katrina. In reconstructing them, precautions are taken to bring the embankment into modern building code standards and to ensure their safety. For example, in every possible situation, Corps of Engineers replace I-walls with T-walls. T-wall has a horizontal concrete base that protects against soil erosion beneath the flood wall.
However, there are funding battles over the perba
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